THE LARYNGOSCOPE AND RHINOSCOPE. 167 



wards of the General Hospital of Vienna, of which latter Tiirck was the 

 physician-in-chief. Justice and the truth of history, however, require 

 that we should not omit mentioning the experiments and efforts of 

 Senn, of Geneva (1827) ; Babington, of London (1829) ; Belloc, of 

 Paris (1837); Baumes, of Lyons (1838); Liston, of London (1840); of 

 Warden (1844) ; and, finally, of Manuel Garcia, a singing-teacher, of 

 London. With the exception of the last, all of the experimenters had 

 been disappointed in their efforts to devise an instrument sufficiently 

 suitable and generally practical. Their experiments all lacked that 

 essential practical element which made the subsequent labors of Tiirck 

 and Czermak the solid basis for the grand superstructure which has 

 grown up since their time. While Prof. Tiirck at Vienna, and Prof. 

 Czermak, of the University of Krakau, the latter having become 

 interested by Prof. Tiirck in the experiments, w T ere thus developing 

 the practical application of the laryngeal mirror {KehXkopffragen- 

 spiegel, as Tiirck named it), Garcia, the now justly famous Spanish 

 tenor and singing maestro, and father of the gifted songstress, Mali- 

 bran, was at the very same time experimenting in London, but with 

 totally different purposes. The object which Tiirck and Czermak 

 had in view was to make the laryngoscope available as an adjunct and 

 aid to the art and practice of medicine, or, in other words, as a means 

 of diagnosis in disease of the throat. Garcia, on the other hand, was 

 prompted by a desire to observe the actions of the vocal cords and 

 larynx when producing tones and sounds. His observations were 

 published in the Boyal Philosophical Magazine and Journal of 

 Science (vol. x., 1855), and they constitute the first physiological rec- 

 ords of the human voice as based upon observations in the living 

 subject. It is interesting at this date to turn to his remarks and to 

 note the thoroughness therein displayed. The curious may refer to 

 Madame Seder's " The Voice in Singing," or to the writer's transla- 

 tion of Sieber's "Art of Singing." It is but proper to add that 

 although Tiirck and Garcia were thus experimenting at one and the 

 same time, neither, however, knew of the other nor of his efforts. 

 Garcia accomplished his aim by standing with his back to the sun 

 and catching its rays upon a looking-glass held in his left hand, which 

 he then reflected into his opened mouth. Next he carried a dentist's 

 mirror to the back of his mouth ; and the sun's light which, in the first 

 instance, was reflected from the mirror in the hand, being in turn 

 reflected upon the dentist's mirror, served to illuminate the larynx 

 below, and thus caused its picture to become visible in the dentist's 

 mirror. Tiirck also used the sun's rays, but in a more direct manner, 

 viz., without previous reflection. Prof. Czermak, as already remarked, 

 soon became interested in Turck's experiments, and, borrowing some 

 of Turck's mirrors, repeated the experiments. His labors resulted in 

 a yet further and most brilliant development of the subject, by his 

 introduction of a powerful artificial light, thus making us independent 



