EVOLUTION OF CEREMONIAL QOVERNMENT. 661 



If mutilations originate as alleged, we may expect to find some con- 

 nection between the extent to which they are carried and the social 

 type as simple or compound, militant or industrial. On grouping the 

 facts as presented by fifty-two peoples, the connection emerges with as 

 much clearness as can be expected. In the first place, since the devel- 

 opment of mutilation as a custom goes with conquest, and resulting 

 aggregation, it is inferable that simple societies, however savage, will 

 be less characterized by it than the larger savage societies compound- 

 ed out of them, and less than even the semi-civilized societies. This 

 proves to be true. Of peoples who form simple societies that prac- 

 tise mutilation either not at all or in slight forms, I find, among races 

 wholly unallied, eleven Fuegians, Veddahs, Andamanese, Dyaks, 

 Todas, Gonds, Santals, Bodo and Dhimals, Mishmis, Kamtchadales, 

 Snake Indians; and these are characterized throughout either by ab- 

 sence of chieftainship, or by chieftainship of an unsettled kind. Mean- 

 while, of peoples who mutilate little or not at all, I find but two in the 

 class of compound societies ; of which one, the Kirghiz, is character- 

 ized by a wandering life that makes subordination difficult, and the 

 other, the Iroquois, had a republican form of government. Of societies 

 practising mutilations that are moderate, the simple are relatively 

 fewer, and the -compound relatively more numerous: of the one class 

 there are ten Tasmanians, Tannese, New Guinea people, Karens, 

 Nagas, Ostiaks, Esquimaux, Chinooks, Comanches, Chippewyans; 

 while of the other class there are five New-Zealanders, East Africans, 

 Khonds, Kukis, Calmucks. And of those it is to be remarked that 

 in the one class the simple headship, and in the other class the com- 

 pound headship, is unstable. On coming to the societies distinguished 

 by severer mutilations, we find these relations reversed. Among the 

 simple I can name but three the New Caledonians (among whom, 

 however, the severer mutilation is not general), the Bushmen (who 

 are believed to have lapsed from a higher social state), and the Aus- 

 tralians (who have, I believe, similarly lapsed) ; while, among the com- 

 pound, twenty-one may be named Feejeeans, Sandwich-Islanders, 

 Tahitians, Tongans, Samoans, Javans, Sumatrans, Malagasy, Hotten- 

 tots, Damaras, Bechuanas, Caffres, Congo people, coast negroes, in- 

 land negroes, Dahomans, Ashantees, Fulahs, Abyssinians, Arabs, 

 Dakotas. Social consolidation being habitually effected by conquest, 

 and compound and doubly-compound societies being, therefore, during 

 early states, militant in their activities and types of structure, it fol- 

 lows that the connection of the custom of mutilation with the size of 

 the society is indirect, while that with its type is direct. And this 

 the facts show us. If we put side by side those societies which are 

 most unlike in respect of the practice of mutilation, we find them 

 to be those which are most unlike as being wholly unmilitant in 

 organization, and wholly militant in organization. At the one ex- 

 treme we have the Veddas, Todas, Bodo and Dhimals ; while, at 



