492 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



]STow, the so-called anthropoids or large manlike apes may be seen 

 either dead or alive in many museums and zoological gardens. 



Biology. — Closely connected with zoology is biology, or the 

 science of life, which undoubtedly has achieved the greatest progress 

 made by physical science in the century by the promulgation and 

 victory of the theory of descent by evolution, a theory brought for- 

 ward by Darwin in 1860, and developed by Haeckel and others. 

 Nearly related to it are the above-mentioned remarkable discoveries 

 in the domain of paleontology and the knowledge of numerous in- 

 termediate forms which formerly had been disregarded as unim- 

 portant " varieties." 



Archaeology. — The existence of the fossil man, which had been 

 doubted so long, has been proved, and the geological age of the 

 human race established. The series of discoveries coming under 

 this head was opened in the years 1830-'40 by the discovery, made 

 by the French scientist Boucher de Perthes, of man-made diluvial 

 flint axes in the Somme Valley in the north of France. Since then 

 the researches concerning the age and the preliminary history of 

 mankind have become the favorite study of the time and of scholars, 

 and there has come into being within a comparatively short time a 

 literature on this subject the wealth of which can hrdly be sur- 

 veyed. The discoveries in this vast and interesting domain are ac- 

 cumulating from year to year to such an extent as to give rise to a 

 new and successful science of archaeology. While on the one hand 

 this science teaches us that the existence of man on earth must 

 be shifted back into hoary ages to which the historical period can not 

 be compared at all, it shows us, on the other hand, that this period 

 considered geologically — i. e., when compared with the periods of 

 evolution of the earth — is of itself a very recent and new one. It is 

 for this reason that the origin of man must be regarded as the crown- 

 ing or culminating point of the whole organic evolution — a point 

 beyond which the development of the world was no longer carried 

 on by ISTature, but by man. A highly desirable completion of these 

 studies on the primal history of the human race was supplied by the 

 great progress in ethnology made possible by the enormous traveling 

 facilities of our century. 



Psychology. — Closely related to anthropology is psychology, 

 as to which the conviction prevails in authoritative circles that it 

 should not be classed with the philosophical sciences, but with the 

 physical ; or at least that it must be treated after the physical method 

 if any tangible result is to be attained. It was this mode of treat- 

 ment that achieved the afore-mentioned result of the measurement 

 of the duration of human thought. We owe also to this method 

 the better knowledge of the animal soul and the foundation for com- 



