THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 599 



the cities, although the opposite is more often true south of Rome.* 

 It is true of Paris and Lyons especially, the department of the Seine 

 being well below the average for France and for the neighboring 

 departments.! In Spain the only indication of the law is offered 

 by Madrid, where nearly seven hundred conscripts have been meas- 

 ured in detail 4 In this latter country, as in the British Isles,* and 

 in southern Italy, as we have observed, everywhere in fact on the 

 outskirts of Europe where the Alpine broad-headed race is but 

 sparsely represented, we find the contrasts in head form between 

 city and country absent in great measure. Observations on four 

 hundred and eighty-seven American college students have not 

 yielded me any differences in this respect. Only where the Alpine 

 race forms an appreciable element in the population does " Ammon's 

 law " appear to hold true. 



The circumstance which we have mentioned, that only in those 

 portions of Europe where the Alpine broad-headed type is strongly 

 in evidence do we find a more prevalent long-headedness in the city 

 populations, suggests a criticism upon the somewhat extravagant 

 claims to the universality of " Ammon's law" made by ardent dis- 

 ciples of the school of so-called " anthropo-sociologists." It is this: 

 City populations are the inevitable result of great intermixture of 

 blood; they of necessity contain a hodge-podge of all the ethnic ele- 

 ments which lie within the territory tributary to them, which, in 

 other words, lie within what Lapouge has aptly termed their 

 " spheres of attraction." | As a whole, one should not expect to find 

 the extreme individuality of type in the cities, which can persist 

 alone in the isolated areas free from ethnic intermixture. If, as in 

 Baden, in Brittany, or along the Rhone Valley, an extremely broad- 

 headed type of population is localized in the mountains, as we know 

 it is all over Europe; while along the rivers and on the seacoast are 

 found many representatives of an immigrant Teutonic long-headed 

 people; it would not be surprising that cities located on the border 

 line of the two areas should contain a majority of human types 

 intermediate between the two extremes on either side. These city 

 populations would naturally be longer-headed than the pure Alpine 

 race behind them in the mountains, and coincidently broader-headed 

 than the pure Teutons along the rivers and on the seacoast. The 

 experience of Italy is instructive. In this country the transition 

 from a pure Alpine broad-headed population in the north to an 

 equally pure and long-headed Mediterranean type in the south is 



* Livi, 1896 a, pp. 87-89, 147, 148, 151, 159, and 187. + Lapouge, 1897, p 70. 



\ Oloriz, 1894 b, pp. 47 and 279; also pp. 173 and 224. * Reddoe, 1894, p. 664. 



|| This point I have discussed at length, borrowing largely from Livi's superb work on 

 Italy, in the Publications of the American Statistical Association, v, 1896, pp. 37 et seq. 



