5 o POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



short, it applies to-day to an entirely artificial concept — nationality 

 — the product of time and place. Religious, linguistic, and in large 

 measure political differences have merged themselves in a sympa- 

 thetic unity. Thus has the original meaning of the word Deutsch — 

 a people or nation — come to its truest expression at last. 



The fact is that nationality need not of necessity imply any 

 greater uniformity of ethnic origin than of either linguistic or re- 

 ligious affiliations. Such we have seen is the case in Trance and 

 Italy. Especially clear are the two distinct racial elements in the 

 latter case. Now in Germany, on the northern slopes of the main 

 European watershed, we are confronted with a great nation, whose 

 constituent parts are equally divergent in physical origin. With the 

 shifting of scene, new actors participate, although the plot is ever 

 the same. This time it is not a question of the Alpine and Mediter- 

 ranean races. The Alpine element remains, but the Teuton replaces 

 the other. Briefly stated, the situation is this: northwestern Ger- 

 many — Hanover, Schleswig-Holstein, Westphalia — is distinctly al- 

 lied to the physical type of the Swedes, Norwegians, and Danes. 

 All the remainder of the empire — no, not even excluding Prussia, 

 east of the Elbe — is less Teutonic in type, until finally in the essen- 

 tially Alpine broad-headed populations of Baden, Wurtemberg, and 

 Bavaria, in the south the Teutonic race passes from view. The only 

 difference, then, between Germany and France in respect of race is 

 that the northern country has a little more Teutonic blood in it. 

 As for that portion of the empire which was two generations ago 

 politically distinct from Prussia, the South German Confederation, 

 it is in no wise racially distinguishable from central France. Thus 

 has political history perverted ethnology; and, notwithstanding, 

 each nation is probably the better for the blend, however loath it 

 may be to acknowledge it.* 



* It is to be regretted that so many of our authorities on Germany have relied upon 

 craniometric investigations rather than study of the living population. Even more grievous 

 is the paucity of evidence regarding the northeastern third of the empire. In our Bibliog- 

 raphy of the Anthropology and Ethnology of Europe, to appear shortly in a Bulletin of the 

 Boston Public Library, we have indexed all our authorities, where they may be found in 

 cxtenso. In this place we may merely mention the larger standard works arranged chrono- 

 logically : H. Welcker, Kraniologische Mittheilungen, Archiv f. Anth.. i, pp. 89-160, 

 1862. A. Ecker, Crania Germanise meridionalis occidentalis, Freiburg i. B., 1865. H. von 

 Holder Zusammenstellung der in Wurttemberg vorkommenden Schadelformen, Stuttgart, 

 18*76. R. Virchow, Beitriige zur physischen Anthropologic der Deutschen u. s. w., Abh. 

 kon. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, 1876 ; and also Gesammtbericht iiber die Erhebungen iiber die 

 Farbe der Schulkinder in Deutschland, .Archiv f. Anth., xvi, pp. 275-477, 1886. J. Ranke, 

 Beitrage zur physischen Anthropologie der Bayern, Miinchen, 1883. 0. Ammon, Natiirliche 

 Auslese beim Menschen, Karlsruhe i. B., 1893, and in other monographs (vide bibliography). 

 Equally important, although not restricted to Germany alone, are the papers by Prof. J. 

 Kollmann, especially his Schadel aus alten Grabstiitten Bayerns, in Beit, zur Anth. Bayerns, 



