THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 315 



it lias remained in relative purity ever since. From, the earliest 

 remains of the lake dwellers ; before iron was used ; before many of 

 the simpler arts of agriculture or domestication of animals were 

 developed; man has in theSe Alps remained perfectly true to his an- 

 cestral type.* We can add art after art to his culture, but we can 

 not till very recent times detect any movement of population after 

 the first occupation in a state of relative savagery by this broad- 

 headed race.f It is a surprising instance of persistence of ethnic 

 types. 



Let us trace the extension of this invasion of the Alpine race into 

 Europe. Its limits were once much broader than they are to-day. 

 Evidence accumulates to show that it spread widely at first, but that 

 it was afterward obliged to recede from its first extravagant claims 

 to possess all Europe. In our last article we saw that all along the 

 southwest coast of Norway clear evidence of intermixture with this 

 broad-headed type appears. The peasantry show a distinct tendency 

 in this direction. In Denmark the same thing is true; the people 

 are not as pure Teutons as in Hanover .\ We also know that this race 

 invaded Britain for a time, but was exterminated or absorbed before 

 reaching Ireland. A very peculiar colony of these Alpine invaders 

 seems also to have so firmly intrenched itself in the Netherlands that 

 its influence is apparent even to this day. As we have not described 

 the population of this interesting country in any of our papers here- 

 tofore, it will repay us to consider it for a moment. * 



Attention was first directed to the Netherlands in 18 76 through 

 a remarkable paper by Virchow, in which he analyzed a series of 

 skulls from Eriesland and from the islands of Urk and Marken in 

 the Zuider Zee. In this he declared that the long-headed people 

 there resident were not Teutons at all ; but by reason of the peculiar 

 low-vaulted formation of the cranium were to be regarded as far 

 more ancient types. He asserted that here in these unattractive low- 

 lands and islands was a last relic of the Neanderthal race of the early 



* Studer and Bannwartb, p. 14; Rtitimeyer and His, pp. 41 seq. ; Zuckerhandl, 1883; 

 Matiegka, 1890. 



f Keller's Reports on the Lake Dwellers prove this advance in culture in situ. 

 \ Virchow, 1870, pp. 63 seq. 



* The standard authorities on Holland are Drs. A. and J. Sasse, of Zaandam, and Dr. 

 J. C. De Man, of Middelburg, in Zeeland. A full list of their papers will be found in our 

 Bibliography previously mentioned. To the last two I am deeply indebted for assistance in 

 collecting material, which I shall publish more fully later. Our map is based upon Dr. 

 Sasse's data in Tijdschrift Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Amsterdam, 1879, pp. 323 seq., 

 supplemented by his later work and that of Dr. De Man. For other authorities, consult our 

 Bibliography under Lubach, 1863; von Holder, 1880; Former ; and especially Virchow's 

 Beitrage zur Anthropologic der Deutschen, mit besondere Beriicksichtigung der Friesen, 

 Berlin, 1876. 



