4 io POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



other countries." The work was translated into German by Mitter- 

 maier, and found a warm welcome in Europe. Lieber was inter- 

 ested all through his life in the subject of penal law. When De 

 Beaumont and De Tocqueville published their report on American 

 prisons, they requested him to translate it into English, and he 

 did so in 1833, adding copious notes, for which he received the 

 thanks of some of our leading jurists. The King of Prussia desired 

 to appoint him inspector general of prisons, with the permission to 

 lecture on penology in the university. 



In his later years Lieber's attention was especially directed to 

 the subject of international law. The following words of the late 

 Dr. Bluntschli tell of his great activity in this direction : " Lieber 

 had great influence, I may add, in founding the Institut de Droit 

 International, which was started in Ghent in 1873, and forms a 

 permanent alliance of leading international jurists from all civil- 

 ized nations, for the purpose of working harmoniously together, 

 and thus serving as an organ for the legal consciousness of the 

 civilized world. Lieber was the first to propose and to encourage 

 the idea of professional jurists of all nations thus coming together 

 for consultation, and seeking to establish a common understanding. 

 From this impulse proceeded Rolin-Jacquemyn's circular letter, 

 drawn up in Ghent, calling together a number of men, eminent for 

 their learning. This latter proposal to found a permanent academy 

 of international law met with general acceptance, but this was merely 

 a further development of the original idea of Lieber, which was at 

 the bottom of the whole scheme. His notion was now approved and 

 the efficiency of the association was thus assured for the future." 



Lieber's contributions to military law form the greatest work of 

 his later years. At the instance of President Lincoln he prepared 

 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in 

 the Field, which being approved by a board of officers and by the 

 President, were published in 1863, as General Orders, No. 100. 

 This work, the first codification of International Articles of War, 

 forms a permanent addition to military law. The adoption of the 

 code brought Lieber into close relations with the War Department 

 at Washington, and he became its adviser in all matters relating to it. 

 The codification was received with great favor abroad. It suggested 

 to Dr. Bluntschli the idea of codifying the laws of war and the law of 

 nations. His letter to Lieber is printed as a preface to the Interna- 

 tional Code; and he valued the instructions for the armies so highly 

 that he had them published in full as an appendix to it. In 1863, 

 at the request of General Halleck, Lieber prepared an essay on 

 Guerrilla Parties which was received so favorably by the Govern- 

 ment that an attempt was made to have a chair on the law and 



