THE RACIAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE. 477 



types of which the population is constituted. This he seeks to 

 prove from the occurrence of a decreasing birth rate in all the 

 open, fertile districts where the Teutonic element has intermingled 

 with the native population.* The argument has been advanced a 

 stage further even than this; for purely economic phenomena, such 

 as the distribution of property, tax-paying faculty, and the like, 

 are in the same way ascribed to purely racial peculiarities, f Because 

 wealth happens to be concentrated in the fertile areas of Teutonic 

 occupation, it is again assumed that this coincidence demonstrates 

 either a peculiar acquisitive aptitude in this race, or else a superior 

 measure of frugality. 



By this time our suspicions are aroused. The argument is too 

 simple. Its conclusions are too far-reaching. We can do better for 

 this race than even its best friends along such lines of proof. With 

 the data at our disposition there is no end to the racial attributes 

 which we might saddle upon our ethnic types. Thus, judging from 

 mere comparison of our map of head form with others of social 

 statistics, it would appear that the Alpine type in its sterile areas of 

 isolation was the land-hungry one described by Zola in his powerful 

 novels. For, roughly speaking, individual landholdings are larger 

 in them on the average than among the Teutonic populations. 

 Peasant proprietorship is more common also; there are fewer tenant 

 farmers. Crime in the two areas assumes a different aspect. We 

 find that among populations of Alpine type in the isolated uplands 

 offenses against the person predominate in the criminal calendar. 

 In the Seine basin, along the Rhone Valley, wherever the Teuton is 

 in evidence, on the other hand, there is less respect for property; so 

 that offenses against the person, such as assault, murder, and rape, 

 give place to embezzlements, burglary, and arson. % It might just as 

 well be argued that the Teuton shows a predilection for offenses 

 against property; the native Celt an equal propensity for crimes 

 against the person. Or, again, why does not the Alpine type appear 

 through statistical eyes as endowed with a peculiar aptitude for mi- 

 gration ? For the sterile upland areas of his habitation are almost in- 

 variably characterized by emigration to the lowlands and to the cities. 



* Revue d'Economie Politique, ix, 1895, pp. 1002-1029; x, 1896, pp. 132-146. This 

 we have already discussed in Publications of the American Statistical Association, v, 1896, 

 pp. 18 et seq. 



\ Correlations financieres de 1'indice cephalique, Revue d'Economie Politique, 1897, p. 

 257. See also The hierarchy of European races, in American Journal of Sociology, Chi- 

 cago, iii, 1897, pp. 314-328. 



\ For maps showing the distribution of all these, consult A. M. Guerry, Statistique 

 Morale, etc., Paris, 1864. Fletcher, in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, London, 

 xii, 1849, pp. 151 seq., gives many interesting maps for England. See also Yvernes, in 

 Journal de la Societe de statistique, Paris, xxxvi, 1895, pp. 314-325. 



