348 POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



he was also capable of uttering bitter and sarcastic words. His con- 

 versation always inspired active thought. 



Yet, with all the pleasantness of this social intercourse, his strict 

 self-restraint, the strongest quality of his nature, was always mani- 

 fest, and this was one of the principal causes of the excellent in- 

 fluence he exercised over young people ; they had in him the example 

 of a man who was scrupulously strict with himself, and absolutely 

 conscientious. " Ludwig was also our professor of ethics," one of 

 his American pupils recently remarked to me. And thus Ludwig's 

 life has amply proved that the best and highest that a teacher can 

 give to youth lies in the power of his own personality. 



Ludwig's coming and the erection of the Physiological Institute 

 caused a revival of theoretical instruction in our faculty. Two years 

 later the arrival of Thiersch was followed by great changes in clinical 

 instruction. Clinics have only existed in Leipsic since 1798. Up 

 to that time the faculty had professors of pathology and surgery; 

 learned men, who, however, gave no hospital instruction. Even 

 when by the courtesy of the magistrate, and especially through the 

 efforts of the excellent burgomaster Miiller, the City Hospital had 

 been opened for clinical instruction, the clinical teachers for a long 

 time had only a subordinate position in the faculty. Only later, in 

 1812, the professor of clinical medicine (A. Clarus), and in 1824 

 the demonstrator of surgery (Kuhl) were received into the faculty 

 as full professors. 



A report of the faculty of the year 1838, written in Weber's 

 clear handwriting, gives the key to a true understanding of these 

 curious conditions. The Jacob's Hospital, in which the clinic was 

 held, was then, as now, a city institution, the doctor and surgeon of 

 which were appointed by the magistrate, and only later on were con- 

 firmed by the government. The first was appointed clinical pro- 

 fessor, the latter surgical demonstrator. The financial support 

 from the government was limited to four hundred thalers as a salary 

 for the clinical professor, and one hundred thalers as a salary for the 

 demonstrator of surgery. 



The expenses of the hospital fell entirely on the city, the natural 

 result being that the admission of patients was carried on without 

 any reference to instruction. 



The above-mentioned report complains bitterly of the existing 

 conditions, and dwells on the fact that the sick-beds were almost en- 

 tirely taken up by cases of chronic disease, which were practically 

 useless for purposes of instruction. How curious it is now to hear 

 that in 1838 the want of surgical cases was explained by the small- 

 ness of Leipsic and the "comparative wealth of the laboring classes"! 

 The surgical demonstrator was subordinate to the clinical professor. 



