392 



NATURAL SCIENCE 



[December 



I know, has not been observed in any other group. The neuration of 

 Lycaenids is specialized compared with that of the generalized Hes- 

 perids, and sufficiently distinct from that of Pierids and allied groups 

 to warrant the conclusion that the latter are as far removed from 

 Lycaenids as they (Pierids, &c.) are from Hesperids. Lycaenids 

 and Pierids have attained a similar specialized form of neuration 

 independently and by different routes. Grote writes, " Lycaeni- 

 Hesperidae meet upon a distinctive wing pattern, the Lycaenidae 

 differ in the main by the reduction of the radial branches." 



Group 2 (A). — Generalized Nymphalids, (Danainae, &c.) retain 

 five-branched radius, have distinct three-branched cubitus in fore- 

 wings, and retain the 'discoidal cell' trans- 

 verse vein of each wing. Anosia has 

 a structural ' blotch ' (A) towards 

 the base of the cubital system, and a 

 rudimentary nervure (B) at the base of 

 the anal nervure in forewings. The latter 

 -a feature is observed in other groups, and 

 occurs frequently among the Heterocera. 

 Anosia has also a subcostal-radius con- 

 nection in hindwings (C). Specialized 

 Nymphalids show a gradual loss of the 

 transverse ' cell ' nervure of each 

 wing, complete loss being attained 

 (Apatura, Junonia, &c.) without in- 

 corporation of the median nervules 

 with the radius system of the forewings — 

 the two median nervules remain as such, attached 

 to the radius by a modified remnant 

 of the ' cell ' nervure. 



Satyrids may be associated by 

 descent with generalized Nymphalids; 

 the radius system is five- branched, 

 and the ' cell ' nervures are retained 

 throughout the group, the wing 

 pattern is distinctly nymphalid. The 

 features A, B, C of Anosia are not 

 observed among Satyrids. (Nymphalid). 



Group 2 (B). — Generalized Pierids. Leucophasia is isolated among 

 the Rhopalocera in respect of the wing pattern, and the neuration 

 must be regarded as specialized, especially in regard to the arrange- 

 ment of the radial branches (five) of the forewings. As a Pierid, 

 however, having five-branched radial system, two median nervules, 

 and three-branched cubitus in forewings, Leucophasia affords a con- 

 nection between the generalized Nymphalid form of neuration, and 



Anosia arcldppus 

 (Nymphalid). 



Enodia hi/peran- 

 thus 



(Satyrid). 



