NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 



tablished views, rather than by the strict investigation of facts. He saw in 

 the formation of the face of the Esquimaux, something Mongolian, that is, 

 Asiatic ; but he overlooked the prominent occiputs, as well as other charac- 

 ters which are not Mongolian. In like manner he, as it were, forgot the 

 beautiful figures given by himself, in his splendid work of dolichocephalic 

 American Indians; of which some in particular, as Cotonay (Blackfoot), 

 Cherokee, Chippeway, and, above all, Cayuga (PI. 35), approach the form of 

 the Esquimau skull, with their large alveolar processes and projecting 

 occiputs."* 



Prof. Retzius refers the aboriginal inhabitants of America to three distinct 

 sources. As certain Chinese skulls in the museum of the Carolinean Insti- 

 tute resemble Tungusian and Greenland crania, he traces the pedigree of the 

 Esquimaux into Asia, among the Chinese population, the transitionary link 

 being the Aleutians. The dolichocephalic Indians he assumes to be related 

 to the Guanches of the Canary Islands, and the Atlantic tribes in Africa, as 

 the Moors, Berbers, Tuaricks, Copts, &c, which are comprised under the 

 Amazirgh and Egyptian Atlantidas of Latham. The American brachycepba- 

 lic tribes, which belong chiefly to the side of America looking towards Asia, 

 the Pacific Ocean, and the South Sea, are allied, he thinks, to the Mongolian 

 nations, f 



D'Omalius d'Halloy, in 1845, divided the American Indians into a northern 

 branch, characterized with " elongated heads," and a southern branch, 

 having "the head ordinarily less elongated."! 



In 1846 Dr. Zeune, from a careful examination of the skulls in the anatomi- 

 cal collection at Berlin, adopted three main cranial forms or types for the 

 western hemisphere. He remarks that, although Blumenbach and Prichard 

 grouped the races of the New "World together as one, he found greater and 

 more marked differences among their skulls, than among those of the Old 

 World. I 



In 1850 Dr. Latham endeavored to show, by means of a comparative table 

 constructed from Dr. Morton's own measurements, that the general ascription 

 of the brachycephalic form to the American Indians was an error ; and that, 

 on the contrary, they were more frequently dolichocephalic. || 



In the same year Dr. Knox also expressed a doubt as to the "asserted 

 identity of the Red Indian throughout the entire range of continental 

 America."^" 



In 1848, Col. Chas. Hamilton Smith declared that "it is vain to assert that 

 all American Races, excepting the Esquimaux, have originally sprung from 

 one stock."** 



In the years 1855 and 1856, we find three other ethnologists, in widely sepa- 

 rated localities, expressing their doubts, each from his own independent ob- 

 servations, as to the validity of Dr. Morton's long cherished views. 



"The inspection of the Mexican skulls represented in Crania Americana," 

 says Dr. Gosse, " seems to prove that in these the depression of the occiput 

 was far from being as general and as marked as among the Incas and the 

 crania examined by Meyen ; for in many of them the head is rather normally 

 developed behind. "ff 



Dr. J. B. Davis also writes that though " this position of Morton's is no 



* Op. cit., pp. 23, 24, 29. 



t Op. cit., pp. 30 and 32. See also Ofvers. Afk. Wet. Akad., forh. 1855, No. 1, pp. 5 and 6. 



j Des Kaces Humaines. Paris, 1S45, pp. 159, 167, 



\ TJber Sch'adelbildung zur festern Begriindung dor Menschenrassen. Von Prof. Dr. August Zeune 

 Berlin, 1S46, p. 13. 

 || The Natural History of the Varieties of Man, London, 1850, p. 453. 

 \ The Kaces of Men, 2d edit., Lond., 1862, pp. 127, 255, 256, 275. 

 ** The Natural History of the Human Species, Loud., 1859, pp. 251, 253. 

 ft Kssai sur le Deformations Artifioielles du Crane, Pans, 1855, pp. 72, 74. 



1866.] 



