CARNARIA. 105 



is altogether tuberculous. The tongue is soft ; the fore-feet have 



five toes, and the hind ones four. 



C. familiar is y L. (The Domestic Dog.) Distinguished by 

 his recurved tail, otherwise varying infinitely, as to size, form, 

 colour and quality of the hair. He is the most complete, sin- 

 gular and useful conquest ever made by man ; the whole spe- 

 cies has become his property; each individual is devoted to his 

 particular master, assumes his manners, knows and defends his 

 possessions, and remains his true and faithful friend till 

 death and all this, neither from constraint nor want, but solely 

 from the purest gratitude and the truest friendship. The swift- 

 ness, strength and scent of the Dog have rendered him Man's 

 powerful ally against all other animals, and were even, perhaps, 

 necessary to the establishment of society. Of all animals, he 

 is the only one which has followed Man through every region 

 of the globe. ^ 



Some naturalists think the Dog is a Wolf, and others that he 

 is a domesticated Jackal, and yet those dogs which have beconne 

 wild again in desert islands resemble neither the one nor the 

 other. The wild dogs, and those that belong to savages, such 

 as the inhabitants of New Holland, have straight ears, which has 

 occasioned a belief that the European races, which approach the 

 most to the original type, are the Shepherd's Dog and TVoJf 

 Dogi but the comparison of the crania indicates a closer affinity 

 in the Mastiff and Danish Dog, subsequently to which come the 

 Hound, the Pointer, and the Terrier, differing between themselves 

 only in size and the proportions of the limbs. The Greyhound 

 is longer and more lank, its frontal sinuses are smaller, and its 

 scent weaker. The Shepherd's Dog and the Wolf Dog resume 

 the straight ears of the wild ones, but with a greater cerebral 

 development, which continues to increase together with the 

 intelligence in the Barbet and the Spaniel. The Bull Dog, on 

 the other hand, is remarkable for the shortness and strength of 

 his jaws. The small pet-dogs, the Pugs, Spaniels, Shocks, See. 

 are the most degenerate productions, and exhibit the most strik- 

 ing marks of that power to which man subjects all nature. (1) 



The dog is born with his eyes closed ; he opens them on the 

 tenth or twelfth day ; his teeth commence changing in the fourth 

 month, and his full growth is attained at the expiration of the 

 secoiid year. The period of gestation is sixty-three days, and 

 from six to twelve pups are produced at a birth. The dog is 



(1) See Fr. Cuv. Ann. Mus. XVIII, p. 333 et seq. 

 Vol. I. O 



