For if era. 



sometimes two kinds are to be distinguished (Ceratina, Chalineae, Reniera, Hali- 

 sarca). The development of Spongilla comes nearest to that of Reniera. It is 

 still impossible to draw more general results. The authors see in sponges einen 



selbstandigen Stamm der Metazoen , der mit den iibrigen Typen nur an 



seiner Wurzel zusammenhangt. The his to logy shows various points of con- 

 tact with other Metazoa, and the presence of collar-cells alone does not seem a 

 sufficient argument, um die Poriferen als selbstandige Gruppe von den Choauo- 

 flagellaten abzuleiten und ihnen die verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen zu den 

 tibrigen Metazoen abzusprechen. The authors do not believe in a nervous 

 system in sponges. 



From an investigation of Krukenberg's plates (1884), Mac Munn concludes 

 the presence of a chlorophylloid pigment in 7 species. The author himself finds 

 chlorophyll in Halichondria panicea (beyond doubt) and 5 other species 

 of this genus , in Halina bucklandi, traces in Pachymatisma johnstoni, Leuconia 

 gossei, and Grantia coriacea. It is formed by the sponges themselves. The author 

 seems to abandon the view that it is respiratory, and to incline to the theory, that 

 it builds up fat from the waste carbonic acid of the metabolism. 



B. Porifera incalcaria. 

 See Hinde ( 2 ). 



I. Hexactincllida. 

 See Hinde ( 3 ). 



II. Demoterellida. 

 1. Spiculispongiae. 



A. Lithistina. 



Topsent ( 2 ) describes a new species, Kaliapsis permollis, remarkable by its 

 softness. 



B. Tetraxonina. 



Hinde f 1 ) describes a new fossil sponge, Rhaxella perforata , the skeleton of 

 which consists entirely and only of sterrasters. He thinks it closely allied to 

 Placospongia and suggests the possibility that other spicules have been present 

 during the life-time of the sponge. 



Lendenfeld ( 2 ) is against Sollas' division of Stellettidae in four groups. Not 

 less than 20 of Sollas' species, belonging to the genera Anthastra, Astrella, My- 

 riastra and Pilochrota , are considered to belong to Stelletta. On the other hand 

 the author does not go so far as Marenzeller [cf. Bericht f. 1889 Porifera p 6] in 

 uniting Stelletta dorsigera, anceps and boglicii with S. grubii. An anatomy, 



illustrated by figures, is given of five species: S. grubei , dorsigera, boglicii, 

 pumex and hispida (n.). The following definition is given of Stelletta: Kiesel- 

 schwamme mit trianen und amphioxen Megascleren und mit strong radiaren Astern, 

 zu denen sich selten Rhabdragme gesellen. Mit kleinen kugeligen Geifielkammern 

 und meist einer Rinde. - - See also Vosmaer. 



See supra, p 2, Hanitsch. 



C. Oligosilicina. 

 See supra, p 2, Hanitsch. 



