598 



DATA OF PROPERTIES OF STARCHES OF PARENT- AND HYBRID-STOCKS. 



7. LILIUM. 



The genus LUium comprises no less than 50 known 

 species, a large number of varieties, and many hybrids. 

 The genus is commonly recognized as consisting of 6 sub- 

 genera, of which only 2 are represented in this research 

 subgenus Eulirion by L. candidum Linn, and L. parryi 

 Wats., and subgenus Martagon by L. martagon Linn. 

 (L. dalmaticum Vis.), L. martagon album (a horticul- 

 tural variety of L. martagon), L. pardalinum Kellogg 

 (L. calif ornicum Domb.),L. maculatum Thunb. (L. han- 

 soni Leicht.), L. tesfaccum Liud. (L. isabellinum 

 Kurze; L. excelsum Hort.), L. tenuifolium Fisch., and 

 L. chalcedonicum Linn. 



Starches of the following five sets of parent- and 

 hybrid-stocks were studied, all of the bulbs, with the 

 exception of those of L. tenuifolium and the hybrid L. 

 golden gleam, being obtained from Barr & Sons, London, 

 and the latter from Mr. George C. Eichmond, Le Koy, 

 New York, the originator of the hybrid : 



25. L. martagon album (seed parent), L. maculntum (pollen 



parent), and L. marlian (hybrid), page 598. 



26. L. martagon (seed parent), L. maculatum (pollen parent), 



and L. dolhansoni (hybrid), page G0(i. 



27. L. tenuifolium (seed parent), L. martngnn. album (pollen 

 parent), and L. golden gleam (hybrid), page 012. 



28. L. ohalcedonicum (seed parent), L. candidum (pollen 



parent), and L. testaccum (hybrid), page 019. 



29. L. pardalinum (seed parent), L.pnrryi (pollen parent), and 



L. burbanki (hybrid), page 027. 



It will be observed that in the first three sets the 

 crosses were between members of the same subgenus 

 (Martagon), and in the last two sets between members 

 of two subgeuera (Martagon and Eulirion). 



25. STARCHES OF LILIUM MARTAGON ALBUM, L. MAC- 

 ULATUM, AND L. MARIIAN. 



LlLIUM MARTAGON ALBUM (SEED PARENT). 



(Plates 15 and 10, figs 88 and 95; Charts D 347 to D 353.) 

 HISTOLOQIC PROPERTIES. 



In form the grains are usually simple and isolated. 

 A few compound grains and aggregates are seen. The 

 compound grains belong to one type : 2 very small grains, 

 each consisting of a hilum and 1 or 2 lamellae, become 

 adherent and attached to the proximal end of a long 

 grain and surrounded by 20 to 30 common secondary 

 lamella?. The aggregates are in the form of doublets or 

 triplets pyramidally arranged. The grains are usually 

 regular in form, and any irregularities which may occur 

 are due to the following causes : ( 1 ) Small, irregular 

 elevations and depressions of the distal surface and mar- 

 gin ; (2) a shifting of the longitudinal axis, with a conse- 

 quent curvature at the middle or distal end of the grain ; 

 (3) a rather large, rounded protuberance from the proxi- 

 mal end or from either side; (4) a greater development 

 of one part of the distal end than of the rest. The con- 

 spicuous forms are elongated ovoid, with a squared or 

 rounded distal end, broad and narrow pyriform, club- 

 shaped, narrow, triangular, and mussel-shell-shaped. The 

 additional forms are elliptical, finger-shaped, nearly 

 round, lenticular, and dome-shaped. The broad forms 

 are somewhat flattened, and when viewed on edge they 

 have an elongated, ovoid form. 



The hilum is usually a moderately distinct, small, 

 round, or lenticular spot. It is often fissured and is some- 

 times occupied by a cavity from either side of which 2 

 delicate fissures radiate towards the corners of the distal 

 margin. When fissuration occurs the fissures have the 

 following forms: (1) A single, short, transverse line; 

 (2) a flying-bird figure. The hilum is eccentric from 0.3 

 to 0.1, usually 0.22, of the longitudinal axis. 



The lamella: are usually fine and not very distinct. 

 Those near the hilum are continuous, round, or ovoid 

 rings. Those in the other parts of the grain have in 

 general the form of the outline of the grain, and when 

 near the distal end are not so fine, more distinct, and 

 probably not continuous. In many grains there is 1 

 broad, refractive lamella situated from two-thirds to 

 three-fourths of the distance from the hilum to the distal 

 end. While in other grains there are 2 to 5 broad refrac- 

 tive lamella? which divide the fine lamella? into groups 

 of varying breadth. The number counted on the larger 

 grains varies from 30 to 52, usually 42. 



In size the grains vary from the smaller which are 

 5 by 4^t, to the larger which are 68 by 38/i, rarely 76 by 

 34/t, in length and breadth. The common size is 30 

 by 19/*. 



PoLARiscoric PROPERTIES. 



The figure is distinct and well defined. The lines 

 are fine and intersect at an acute angle which does not 

 vary in size in the different grains. They are usually 

 straight, but sometimes bent and occasionally bisected. 



The degree of polarization varies from low to high 

 (value 65) . In most of the grains it is moderate or high, 

 and in a few it is low. There is occasionally some varia- 

 tion in a given aspect of an individual grain. 



With sclenite the quadrants are clear-cut, and very 

 unequal in size, and usually regular in shape. The colors 

 are usually pure, the blue more often than the yellow. 

 In some grains there is a greenish tinge. 



IODINE REACTIONS. 



With 0.25 per cent Lugol's solution the grains all 

 color a moderate to high blue-violet (value 65). The 

 color deepens very rapidly until it is very deep and has 

 more of a bluish tint. With 0.125 per cent Lugol's 

 solution the grains all color a light to moderate blue- 

 violet, and the color deepens very rapidly until it is 

 deep and has more of a bluish tint. After heating in 

 water until the grains are all gelatinized and then adding 

 a 2 per cent Lugol's solution, most of the gelatinized 

 grains color a light and some a moderate indigo-blue, 

 and the solution a deep indigo-blue. If the preparation 

 is boiled for 2 minutes and then treated with an excess 

 of a 2 per cent Lugol's solution, the grain-residues all 

 color light indigo, the capsules a red or a reddish violet, 

 and the solution a very deep-jndigo. 



ANILINE REACTIONS. 



With gentian violet the grains all color very lightly 

 in a minute, and in 30 minutes most of the grains are 

 moderately and a few are deeply colored (value 55). 

 The grains are usually colored more at the distal than 

 at the proximal end. 



