28 Coelenterata. 



nium 4 (2 n.), Capnella 2 (1 n.), Eumphthya 1 and Malacacanthus n. (near 

 Anthomastus) 1, in the large canals of the trunk of which were gastrula-like 

 larvae. Thomson ( 2 ) describes from the same area the following Gorgona- 

 cea Suberia 1 n., Spongioderma 1, Melitodes 3, Ceratoisis 1, Muriceides 1 n., 

 Aeanthogorgia 1, Eunicella 1, Psammogorgia 1 n., Euplexaura 1 n., Malaco- 

 gorgia 1, Stachyodes 1 n., Thouarella 1 n., Gorgonia 2, Scirpearia 2, Hickso- 

 nclla 1. 



Balss records Unibellula encrinus from the Arctic Ocean, Balticina willemoesi 

 from the northern part of the sea of Japan, Virgularia mirabilis from the Black 

 Sea, being the first known Pennatulid from that sea, and F. gustaviana var. 

 magnifolia from Nagasaki. 



Hicksonf 1 ) describes a specimen of Osteocella septentrionalis, taken in about 

 30 fins, off Lucy Island, British Columbia. When alive this Pennatulid writhed 

 like a worm, and the polyps emitted a bright blue-green colour 011 being 

 irritated. The total length of the specimen was about 2 m., and the rachis 

 was at least twice the length of the stalk. The pinnae are arranged en 

 echelon on the sides of the rachis, and each is composed of about 12 auto- 

 zooids, bound together by fleshy webs between their non-contractile calicular 

 parts. There were probably about 450 pinnae on each side when the specimen 

 was complete. There are no spicules in the autozooids, nor in the pinnae, nor 

 in other parts of the rachis. Siphonozooids are present between the pinnae, 

 and also in 4 or 5 longitudinal rows on each side of the smooth dorsal tract 

 of the rachis. The stalk is smooth, with a large bulbous swelling. A few 

 scattered oblong spicules are present in the stalk. The axis is hard, round, 

 and exhibits concentric rings of growth. The specimen is remarkably fleshy, 

 due to a great increase in the amount of mesogloea on the ventral side of the 

 ventral longitudinal canal. In this fleshy mass are the radial canals which 

 open into the main ventral canal. (In Virgularia the radial canals are on the 

 dorsal side of the rachis, and open into the dorsal canal.) In consequence of 

 the great development of the mesogloea on the ventral side the axis is dorsal. 

 Sexual organs are situated in the ccelenteric canals of the autozooids in the 

 rachis but not in the pinnae. They are found in this position throughout the 

 whole length of the rachis. 



Kukenthal & Broch give a systematic list (with synonyms) of all the families, 

 genera and species (228) of Pennatulacea. Specimens were collected by the 

 Valdivia at 27 stations, all but 4 of which were abyssal; 15 of the stations 

 were off the east coast of Africa. The material collected comprises 270 spe- 

 cimens, referred to 27 species, of which 15 and 1 var. are new. Three new 

 genera and a new family are based on this collection. 436 specimens from 

 other sources have been examined; they represent 64 species 6 of which are 

 new. The authors give a historical account of the Pennatulacea, with special 

 reference to their classification, and provide a tabular key to the 5 groups, 

 and to the families and genera [see Bericht f. 1910 Coel. p 38]. They point 

 out that the shallow-water species almost all belong to the Radiata, and are 

 characterised by their stout build, strong spiculation and the relative smallness 

 of their polyps (e. g., Pteroeididae, Veretillidse). The deep-water species, on 

 the contrary, are of slender build, their spiculation is reduced and may be 

 absent, and the polyps are almost always large but few in numbers (e. g., 

 Chunellidae, Umbellulidae). Protoptilum forms an exception to this rule. Echin- 

 optilum echinatum a deep-water species has also strong spiculation; 

 its nearest relative macintoshi is littoral, and doubtless the genus arose in the 

 littoral area. The Kophobelemnonidae are represented in deep-water by Kopho- 



