732 APPENDIX. 



proves the complete inadmissibility of the ordinary Phrenological interpretation cf the in- 

 creased development of the posterior lobes in Man, namely, that they are present in all 

 Vertebrata, but that they are pushed backwards in the higher forms by the increased de- 

 velopment of the anterior portion of the Cerebrum. Now as the Instincts and Propensities 

 are located, according to the present system of Phrenology, in the posterior and middle lobes 

 of the Cerebrum, which are altogether wanting in the Oviparous Classes in which these In- 

 stincts and Propensities most strongly manifest themselves, it would appear that some funda- 

 mental error must exist in the allocation. 



3. The present system of Phrenology takes no account whatever of the series of ganglionic 

 masses, which lie at the base of the Cerebrum in Man, and which are thrown into the shade 

 (as it were) by its excessive development; but which increase in relative size and import- 

 ance as we descend the scale, until, in the lower Fishes and Invertebrata generally, they 

 come to constitute the whole Brain. We have seen that, in the Cod, the rudiment of the 

 Cerebrum is much smaller than a single pair of these ganglia, the Optic ; and as this rudi- 

 ment does not possess a ventricle (which is present in the Sharks, &c., dividing the rudiment 

 of the hemisphere which arches over it, from the corpus striatum which lies at its base), it 

 is probably to be regarded as not really analogous to any part of the Cerebrum strictly so 

 called, but to the Corpus Striatum, which (with the Thalamus) constitutes an independent 

 organ. Thus we have the Cerebrum entirely disappearing in the Osseous Fishes ; and the 

 whole Brain made up of the Sensory Ganglia and the Cerebellum. In the Invertebrata, not 

 the rudiment of a Cerebrum can be discovered ; the cephalic masses of nervous matter being 

 made up of ganglia in immediate connection with the organs of sense and motion. It is 

 obvious, therefore, that these organs must be 'of primary importance as centres of nervous 

 action ; and that the functions of the Cerebrum, whatever be their nature, must be of a super- 

 added, and of a non-essential character. The view which the Author takes of these pheno- 

 mena will be found at large in the Text. He regards the Sensory Ganglia as the seat of 

 Sensation (each kind of sensation being communicated through its own ganglion) and of 

 the simple feelings of pleasure and pain connected with those sensations ; and also as the 

 instrument of those consensual movements, which follow immediately and necessarily upon 

 sensations. To this category he would refer the purely Instinctive actions, which are imme- 

 diately prompted by sensations, which seem to involve no idea of the purpose towards which 

 they are directed, and which cannot be said (the idea of the object being deficient) to spring 

 from a desire or propensity. Probably all or nearly all the actions of Invertebrata and of 

 the lower Fishes are of this class. The emotions and propensities of Man and of the higher 

 Mammalia, which form the chief springs of action in them, may be regarded as involving 

 the combined operation of the Sensory Ganglia and the Cerebrum; the latter affording the 

 ideas, whilst the former invest these ideas with the pleasure or pain, which gives them the 

 form of passions, desires, or propensities, and which causes them to become the moving 

 springs of a great part of the intellectual operations, which are purely Cerebral. The action 

 of the Cerebrum in the passions, emotions, &c., is limited, therefore, on this view of their 

 nature, to its instrumentality in furnishing the several classes of ideas to which those emotions 

 respectively relate. If the Phrenological system be thus modified, there will no longer be 

 the same difficulty in reconciling it with the facts of Comparative Anatomy ; since in those 

 animals which are unpossessed of the posterior lobes, the actions, which in Man and the 

 higher Mammalia result from desires or propensities involving a distinct idea or conception 

 of the object, may be purely instinctive, and may thus be performed through the medium of 

 the Sensory Ganglia alone, without the participation of the Cerebrum. 



4. The present system of Phrenology leaves undetermined a very large proportion of the 

 Cerebral surface in Man, probably not less than one-half; namely the whole series of 

 convolutions covering the opposing median surfaces of the hemispheres, the convolutions of 

 nearly the whole of the base of the Cerebrum, and those of the fissure of Sylvius. Yet 

 not the slightest ground can be adduced for the supposition that these unappropriated por- 

 tions have any less participation in the operations of the intellect, the exercise of the moral 

 feelings, or the influence of the animal propensities, than have the external and superior 

 portions of the respective lobes. No admission of the imperfection of the present system 

 of Phrenology can be a sufficient explanation of this fact, which would seem to indicate 

 some fundamental error in the method employed ; since one of the great claims which is set 

 up in behalf of that system is the completeness of the system of Psychical philosophy which 

 it presents ; so that, if there were every facility for observing the relative development of the 

 parts of the Cerebral surface in question, there would seem to be no "organs" left to distri- 

 bute over it. 



5. If it be urged, however, that none of these objections are sufficient to overthrow the 

 position, now established by a long course of observation, that a constant correspondence 

 exists in Man between the development of certain parts of the Cerebrum, and particular 

 Psychical characteristics, and that the present system must consequently be true, in spite of 

 its inconsistency with the facts of Comparative Anatomy, it becomes necessary to inquire in 



