SUMMARIES AND CORRELATIONS. 245 



under alcohol. The effect of alcohol on the eye-movements varies 

 directly with the size of the dose. 



A close fifth is the speed of reciprocal innervation of the finger, which 

 is decreased by an average of 9 per cent. 



Sixth and seventh in the list are the changes in the reaction-time of 

 the eye and speech organs, an increase in the latent time of 5 and 3 

 per cent respectively. 



Finally, there is practically no change at all in the memory. But our 

 memory experiments did not include dose B. 



The natural grouping of the processes with respect to the magnitude 

 of the percentile effects of alcohol, viz, first, the two reflexes; second, 

 the sensory threshold; third, the two motor coordinations; fourth, the 

 two elaborated reactions; and fifth, the memory, is too consistent to be 

 accidental. It is confirmatory evidence of the reliability of our results, 

 that similar processes yield similar results. 



It is noteworthy that 5 of the 6 processes, in which there are com- 

 parable data, show a greater average effect of the larger dose. The 

 one exception is in the sensory threshold, where, as we have seen, the 

 results are probably complicated by the interaction of at least two 

 different processes. 



The group of psychopathic or reformed alcoholic subjects is too 

 small and the experimental days are too few to give data of similar 

 reliability to that of the normal subjects. On the whole, however, it 

 may be regarded as probable that the general effect of dose A on the 

 reformed alcoholic is not fundamentally different from that on normals. 

 The average effect on the lid-reflex is greater than in normals. The 

 change in the eye-reaction and word-reaction is identical with that of 

 normals for dose A. The effect on the Faradic threshold is consistent, 

 and while less than the effect of dose A on normals, is more than that of 

 dose B. The effect on the finger-movements is reversed, but the effect 

 on the eye-movements in the two cases in which the data are complete 

 is relatively large and in the same direction. As we shall see later, the 

 eye-movements are of especial significance. The average improvement 

 of the eye-reaction after dose A is similar to that of normal subjects. 

 It is probable that the improvement has a similar basis in the two 

 groups. The most pronounced difference between the normal and the 

 psychopathic subjects appears in the case of the finger-movements. 

 For this difference we have no satisfactory explanation. 



Taken altogether, our data leave no doubt that alcohol shows a real 

 difference of incidence in its effects on different levels of the nervous 

 system of both normal and psychopathic subjects. The lower centers 

 are depressed most and the highest least. This is entirely contrary to 

 our traditions. But as Professor Hunt remarked in an informal dis- 

 cussion of these results: "If alcohol had selectively narcotized the 



