2 Porifera. 



*Rauff, Herm., 1. Palaeospongiologie. 1. Theil. in: Palaeontographica 40. Bd. 1. u. 2. Lief. 



120 pgg. 

 , 2. Uber angebliche Spongien aus dem Archaicum. in: N. Jahrb. Min. Pal. ?. Bd. 



1 1 pgg. 3 Figg. 

 Schulze, Franz Eilhard, 1. Revision des Systemes der Hyalonematiden. in: Sitz.Ber. Akad. 



Berlin p 541589. [10] 

 , 2. Uber die Ableitung der Hexactinelliden-Nadeln vom regularen Hexactine. ibid. 



p 991 997 Fig. [10] 

 *Stedman, T. M., Has the Fresh-Water Sponge a Nervous System? in: Amer. Month. Micr. 



Journ. Vol. 14 p 48. 

 Topsent, Emile, 1. Contribution a 1'histologie des Spongiaires. in: Compt. Rend. Tome 117 



p 444 446. [3] 

 , 2. Sur une Ephydatie (E. ftuviatilis autt.) du lac de Houleli (Syrie). in: Revue Biol. 



Lille 5. Annee p 326327. [11] 



, 3. Mission scientifique de M. Ch. Alluaud aux Hes Sechelles (Mars Mai 1892). Spon- 

 giaires. in: Bull! Soc. Z. France Vol. 18 p 172175. [9] 

 , 4. Note sur la faune des Spongillides de France, ibid, p 176. [Occurrence of Spon- 



(jilla fragilis.} 

 , 5. Note sur quelques Eponges du Golfe de Tadjoura recueillies par M. le Dr. L. Fau- 



rot. ibid, p 177183. [9] 

 Vosmaer, G. C. J., & C. A. Pekelharing, On Sollas's membrane in Sponges, in: Tijdschr. Ne- 



derl. Dierk. Ver. (2) Deel 4 p 3856 T 2. [4] 



Weltner, W., 1. Metallausgiisse des Canalsystemes eines SuBwasserschwammes. in: Sitz.Ber. 

 Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin p 4 6. [Sponge killed in 960/ Alcohol, dried in air, and 

 injected with Wood's metal.] 



, 2. Uber die Autorenbezeichuung von Spongilla crinaceus. ibid, p 7 13. [11] 

 , 3. Bemerkungen iiber die Gattung Cera/el/a s. Solanderia. ibid, p 13 18. [9] 

 , 4. Spongillidenstudien. No. 1. in: Arch. Naturg. 59. Jahrg. p 209 244. [Biblio- 

 graphy of Spongillidae 500 titles.] 

 - 5. Idem. No. 2. ibid, p 245284 T 8, 9. [11] 

 , 6. Bemerkungen iiber den Bau und die Entwickelung derGemmulae der Spongilliden. 



in: Biol. Centralbl. 13. Bd. p 119126. [Preliminary Note to No. 5.] [12] 

 *Wilson, H. V., Remarks on the general morphology of Sponges, in: Journ. Elisha Mitchell 

 Sc. Soc. Raleigh Vol. 9. 



A. General. 

 See also Rauff (S 2 ), Weltner ('), Wilson. 



1. Histology. 



Dendy ( l ) concludes that the ectoderm, at any rate in all calcareous spon- 

 ges . . . normally consists of flattened plate-like polygonal cells with centrally 

 placed nuclei ; he does not think that Bidder [cf. Bericht f. 1892 Porif. p 8] has 

 by any means proved that the , pendent cell-body' belongs to the ectoderm at all : 

 though open to conviction the author retains his old belief in subdermal gland- 

 cells. Minchin's explanation [cf. Bericht f. 1892 Porif. p 11] as regards Leuco- 

 solenia is accepted. In Grantiopsis cylindrica the outer surface is covered with 

 small granules , generally dumb-bell-shaped , apparently micro-organisms. This 

 sponge has very distinct subdermal gland-cells, which D. [rightly] suggests 

 Bidder would possibly interpret as representing the true ectodermal epitheliums 



