A. General. 3. Anatomy etc. 9 



surroundings are recorded. The dermal membrane, subdermal spaces, pores, and 



skeleton of Polymastia robusta are described and illustrated at length ; drawings 



[showing diagrammatically diactine spicules] of amphioxi and amphistrongyli 



miuuti nodosi are given for this and some other species. Suberitidae here include 



Polymastia, Subentes (S. picus 160 examples all on gasteropod shells, S.farinarius 



on Pecten, S. montalbidus on Dentalium] , Halichondria, Cacochalina, Polysiphonia, 



Euchalinopsis , all with some anatomical details; Inflatetta, Cliona, Reniera, and 



Stylopus , briefly mentioned. Myxilla and Esperella are the only other sponges 



treated at any length. There is no histology. 



Marshall finds Foliolina (n. sp. F. Lendenfeldii) related to the Chalineae. - -The 

 horny sponge Cemtodendron n. Haeckelii n. has a false or Auloplegma gastral 

 cavity, the thinner horn-fibres without enclosures attain in the stalk a length of 

 many centimetres free from anastomoses. - The Solanderiidae are most nearly 

 allied to Aplysiidae, the massive fusion of the horn-fibres leaves but a narrow sy- 

 stem of lacunae for the living tissue, hence the one genus was originally ascribed 

 to the Gorgonidae. The skeleton only is described [cf. infra Weltner ( 3 )]. Apato- 

 spongia n. fallax n. is a radiate Suberitid closely resembling in gross anatomy the 

 Tetractinellid Agilardiella radiata M. - - Alcyonium vesparium, Lamarck, proves 

 from examination of the original a Suberitid, renamed Spheciospongia vesparium. - 

 Radial symmetry in Euplectellidae and Hyalonematidae is found to be 

 related to the mode of development of the root-tuft, but quite independent of 

 bathymetrical conditions. Basieinphyt, pleuremphyt, periphyt, kaulophyt, lopho- 

 phyt, with other terms, are introduced to describe sponges attached by the base, 

 side, interior (Suberites), a stalk, or a tuft of spicules. From Schulze's monograph 

 M. concludes the Lyssakiua to be monozoisch and comparable to Ascons, 

 Euplectella to a Sycon. The chambers of E. probably have distal openings homo- 

 logous with Haeckel's [long refuted] Dermalostien, water can flow also directly 

 through the perforations in the wall, without passing a flagellate chamber. The 

 current through the chambers sometimes flows from the gastral cavity outwards, 

 sometimes from the dermal pores inwards, according to the direction in which the 

 flagella move and the behaviour of sieve-plates and sphincters. Some of the lite- 

 rature of sieve-plates is quoted , Miuchin's views as to homology of the structure 

 in Leucosolenia is endorsed, but its function in Euplectella is to regulate the 

 current. 



Topsent( 5 ) describes 11 species from near Aden. Axosuberites n. gen. includes 

 Suberitinae with a distinct axis of tylostyles and spongin; the spicules more or 

 less serrated and mostly pointing towards the apical osculum: A. Fauroti n., 

 locally common, a large number of spherule-cells appear to have contained the 

 green-yellow pigment which characterizes the living sponge. Reniera (2 n. sp.) 

 and Spirastrella (n. var.) are recorded. 



Topsent( 3 ) describes 9 species from the barrier reefs of the Seychelles. Spon- 

 gelia spinifera had exclusively sponge-spicules enclosed in its fibres. Acervochalina 

 jinitima [histology see above p 3] varies greatly , as Ridley showed , in dimen- 

 sions of its spicules. Reniera rosa is identical with the Channel species. Hymenia- 

 cidon sp. is the first of the genus recorded from the east coast of Africa. Four 

 other sponges are identified with Alert a species (Ridley). 



Weltner ( 3 ) quotes from a bibliography of 20 titles on the Solanderiidae of 

 Marshall [see above]. All the more recent authors recognise them as Hydractiniae 

 [infra Coelenterata p 6] . A spirit specimen in the Berlin Museum shows clearly 

 the coenosarc tubes with the ectoderm and nematocysts. 



