7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). B. Alcyonaria. 29 



septum, for a time before the origin of each new septum, is broader than the 

 other interseptal chambers, and in consequence a sinking of the soft parts in 

 them takes place. The formation of the fossula, as a depression on the floor, 

 is correlated with an incomplete development of the main septum owing to 

 pressure of the sunken parts. Reproduction by intra-calycinal budding is a 

 process arising out of rejuvenescence. 



B. Alcyonaria. 



See Broch( 2 - 4 ), Crawshay, Hicksont 1 ), Kiikenthal( 2 ), Nordgaard, Stephens and, 

 supra p 27, Fryer. - - For fossil forms, see Andree, Dixon & Vaughan, Grabau, 

 Trauth & Remes, and Walkom. 



Kiikentha^ 1 ) describes the Alcyonaria collected by the German South Polar 

 Expedition, namely Clavularia 1, Thouarella 4 (3 n.), Primnoella 1 n., Cali- 

 gorgia 1 n. , Stachyodes 1 n. (from a depth of 2450 m.i, Callozostron 2 n. 

 (from 2450 and 3397m.), Primnoisis 3 (2 u.j, Umbellula 1 (2725 m.j. He 

 discusses the characters and gives a new diagnosis of Thouarella, aud a synoptic 

 table of the sub-fain. Thouarellinge. Th. is a deep-sea genus; the majority of 

 the species are from the sub-antarctic and antarctic region, which may be the 

 centre of origin of the genus. Primnoella is not a true deep-sea form, it occurs 

 chiefly in the colder sub-antarctic region, though some species are found in the 

 warmer region further north. The species of Galig. and Stack, are the first 

 described from the Antarctic. The internal structure of Callozostron is de- 

 scribed; in horridum the thin axis is surrounded by the axial epithelium and 

 this by a thick ring of mesogloea, the outer portion of which is traversed 

 by numerous longitudinal cell-cords, in most of which cell-outlines are not visible. 

 The contents of these cells are finely granular, and stain very deeply, suggest- 

 ing that the cells were in course of cornification. At the outer margin of 

 the mesogloeal ring is a circle of large longitudinal endoderrnic canals, and 

 outside these another ring of mesoglosa, connected with the inner ring by mesogloeal 

 bands in which are cell-cords in continuation with similar cords in the outer 

 mesogloeal ring. This, in a section taken between two nodes, is traversed by 

 a large number of cell-cords and by canals, which are in connection with the 

 longitudinal canals and the ccelentera of the polyps. The stomodseum, siphono- 

 glyph and mesenteries of a polyp are described. The two dorsal mesenterial 

 filaments are much less developed than the 6 ventral and lateral. Ova are 

 present in the lower portions of most of the polyps. C. carlottce presents a 

 similar structure. Eggs, . 12 x. 06 mm., were lying in the coelentera of the 

 polyps. 



Shann describes, from shallow water near Singapore, Sclerophytum 1 n., 

 Telesto 1, Nephihya 1 n., Dendronephthya 1, Stereonephthya 1 n., Paraspongodes 1, 

 Siphonogorgia 1, Suberogorgia 1, Helitodes 1, Psilacabaria 1, Wrightella In., 

 and discusses the genera N., D., and Ste., giving reasons for retaining them as 

 defined by Kiikenthal. 



J, A. Thomson regards Gorgonia verrucosa and cavolinii as one species, for 

 though differing in colour, they agree in habitus*, in the form, size and distribution 

 of the spjcules, in internal structure and development, and in their period of 

 maturity (August, in Roscoff). 



Gary gives observations on the rearing of Zoanthella semperi in aquaria in 

 the Tortugas. One became attached, changed its shape, became about Vs its 

 original length and 3 times its original diameter at the base; the mouth opening 

 enlarged to 3 times its original width, and a prominent ridge was formed at 



