7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). C. Hydrocorallia. D. Incertae sedis. 31 



For Pennatulids see also Balss, Kiikenthal^, 2 ) and Nutting; for fossil Penna- 

 tulid see Andree. 



C. Hydrocorallia. 



See Fryer, Gravier(V)> Nordgaard, Ritchie, Vinassa de Regnyf 1 ) (for Bala- 

 tonia n. g., fossil). 



Hickson merges Labiopora and Spinipora with Errina, because the characters 

 the presence or absence of 2 kinds of dactylopores , and the arrangement 

 of the grooved spines (nariform processes) - - which have been used in separat- 

 ing these genera are not reliable. He describes 6 species (2 n.), all but one 

 from shallow water. The male gonophores of E. capensis (n.) exhibit a well 

 developed spadix (manubrium), and thus resemble those of Distichopora. 



D. Incertae sedis. 



Kirkpatrick( 1 ) states that numerous Palaeozoic fossils referred to Monticulipora 

 are siliceous sponges with a supplementary calcareous skeleton. According 

 to ( 2 ) stromatoporoids (both Hydractinioid and Milleporoid forms) are siliceous 

 sponges. Some typical species of Favosites, Chaeteles and Eha/phidopora also 

 are siliceous sponges with supplementary calcareous skeletons of the Monti- 

 culipora-type. Kirkpatrick( 3 ) now states that the spicules, which he believed 

 to be sponge-spicules , described in M., are calcified chitinous rings and half- 

 rings belonging to the chambers and canals of Foraminifera, and that the calca- 

 reous skeleton of Stromatoporoids has a structure similar to that of the higher 

 perforate Foraminifera. In Stromatoporoids and Eozoon there is many-chambered 

 calcareous skeleton, the walls of which are penetrated by fine tubules. The 

 so-called tabulae are diaphragms formed in the chambers. Altered chitinous 

 hoops and coils are found in the communication-channels between chambers, 

 and in the chambers themselves, i. <?., in spaces formerly filled with protoplasm. 

 Many of the Cannopora tubes so frequently found in Stromatoporoids are not 

 corals, but Chaetopods, apparently Spioniformia. He ( 4 ) concludes that Stromato- 

 poroids are adherent colony-forming perforate Foraminifera, each unit in one 

 group consisting of a central and circum- ambient chambers, followed by 

 spiral series of simple, rather thick -walled chambers, the walls being per- 

 forated by pores and tubuli. The growth is like that of Orbitoides (which 

 has only vertical radial partitions, and not horizontal ones in addition, as in 

 Orbitolites). In the Labechiidse the central chamber and immediately succeeding 

 growth are more nearly of the Globigerina-typQ. He withdraws the statement 

 that Favosites is a Monticuliporoid. See also Grabau for Stromatoporoids, 

 and Vinassa de Regny( 2 ) for Monticulipora. 



