CONTENTS. 



Page 



Introduction 5 



Methods of determining the energy transformations during walking 7 



Methods of studying the gaseous exchange during walking 8 



Fundamental principle of studying the gaseous exchange incidental to walking . . 9 



Units of measurement used in walking experiments 10 



Previous researches on the gaseous exchange during walking 12 



Summary of results of previous observations 21 



Methods and apparatus for studies of muscular work 29 



Description of apparatus used in this research 31 



Universal respiration apparatus 31 



Treadmill 34 



Accessory apparatus 36 



Method of recording the respiration-rate 37 



Method of recording the pulse-rate 37 



Step counter 38 



Method of measuring height to which the body is raised 39 



Plan of research 42 



General routine of the experiments 44 



Standing experiments 44 



Sitting experiments 45 



Walking and running experiments 46 



Experiments with food 46 



Subjects 47 



Statistics of experiments 48 



Discussion of results 61 



Basal values 61 



Basal metabolism of subject 1 62 



Influence of food and body position 65 



Basal metabolism of subject II 66 



Metabolism in the lying position 66 



Metabolism in the sitting position 67 



Comparison of the metabolism in the lying and sitting positions 69 



Metabolism in various standing positions 70 



Influence of food upon metabolism in the standing position 72 



Metabolism during walking 76 



Walking experiments with subject 1 76 



Experiments without food 77 



Experiments with food 80 



Energy required for the elevation of the body 80 



Walking experiments with subject II 81 



Experiments without food 82 



Experiments with food 87 



Influence of the character of diet on the heat-output per unit of work 93 



Influence of fatigue upon the heat-output per unit of work 94 



Comparison of the heat-output per unit of work during running with 



that obtained during walking 96 



Analysis of the mechanics of locomotion 98 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Fig. 1. General view of apparatus used for walking experiments 32 



2. Schematic outline of universal respiration apparatus 34 



3. Treadmill designed by E. H. Metcalf 35 



4. Detail of ball bearing for steel tubes on the treadmill 38 



5. Step counter 38 



6. Apparatus for recording the height to which the body is lifted, and step 



counter with connections 40 



7. Typical kymograph record showing character of step 41 



3 



