16 ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



53.45 meters per minute to 145.53 meters per minute. In the treadmill 

 experiments the stationary wet gas-meter was used and consequently 

 the subject was not obliged to carry an excessive load. The author 

 discusses the absence of wind-resistance and points out that at the 

 forced speeds, the treadmill ran so irregularly that it was frequently 

 necessary for him to run two or three steps. The research is especially 

 worthy of note as representing an attempt to secure unusual accuracy, 

 although one could wish that the experiments had been made with the 

 subject in the post-absorptive condition. An abstract of the results 

 obtained at the different speeds is recorded in table 1, page 22. 



Observations of Setschenow and Schaternikow, 1900. Setschenow and 

 Schaternikow 1 report a research made at the physiological institute of 

 the University of Moscow, which included six walking experiments, 

 the length varying from 64 to 75 minutes. Three of these experiments 

 were preceded by a preliminary period of 6 to 9 minutes in which the 

 subject stood. Basal values were obtained in two additional experi- 

 ments with the subject at complete rest. In the walking periods the 

 subject, who was the fireman of the institution, walked back and forth 

 in the courtyard, the speed averaging 62.47 meters per minute; the 

 distance walked in each experiment was usually 4,455 meters. All of 

 the experiments were made 3 to 4 hours after a light breakfast of white 

 bread and tea. As the data given are unfortunately insufficient for 

 computing the values per horizontal kilogrammeter and do not lend 

 themselves to tabular presentation, this research is not included in 

 table I. 2 



Observations of Frentzel and Reach, 1901. In studying the influence 

 of an unbalanced diet upon muscular work, Frentzel and Reach made a 

 number of observations with the subject walking on the Zuntz treadmill 

 in the level position in the Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule in Berlin. 3 

 The rate of walking varied from 31.39 to 80.15 meters per minute. 

 The resting metabolism was determined with the subject lying upon a 

 couch, but both the resting and walking experiments were made with 

 food in the stomach. Resting experiments were made on 16 days with 

 subject F and on 12 days with subject R. A considerable number of 

 resting experiments were made prior to the walking period and on days 

 other than the walking days. Durig has criticized the experiments 

 as showing unusually large fluctuations in the energy required per hori- 

 zontal kilogrammeter. A summary of the results is given in table 1, 

 page 22. 



Observations of Zuntz and Schumburg, 1901. In their extensive 

 research on the physiology of walking, Zuntz and Schumburg made 



'Setschenow and Schaternikow, Le Physiol. Russe, 1900, 2, p. 44. 



2 War conditions make it impracticable for me to communicate with my personal friend, Professor 

 Schaternikow, regarding the figures in this research. As they stand, if a body-weight is assumed 

 and a resting base-Jine deducted, values representing only about 50 per cent of those found in 

 other published researches are obtained. F. G. B. 



3 Frentzel and Reach, Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol., 1901, 83, p. 477. 



