18 ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



altitudes, which was made in the Alps, Zuntz, Loewy, Miiller, and 

 Caspari 1 carried out a series of resting and horizontal walking experi- 

 ments in Berlin. The resting experiments were all made with the sub- 

 ject lying in bed in the morning before taking food. The experiments 

 on horizontal walking were presumably without food and hence it is 

 permissible to deduct the basal values directly to compute the energy 

 per horizontal kilogrammeter. (See table 1, page 24.) The large wet 

 gas-meter was doubtless employed in the Berlin experiments, together 

 with the rest of the Zuntz technique. The walking experiments on the 

 treadmill were as follows: With Waldenburg, 9; with Kolmer, 4; with 

 Caspari, 5; with Miiller, 6. The especially high values found with 

 Kolmer in this research are commented upon at length by Durig. 2 



Observations of Durig, 1906. In connection with an expedition in the 

 Alps, Durig and his wife were the subjects of a number of resting and 

 horizontal walking experiments. 3 Both the basal and walking experi- 

 ments were made with the subject in the post-absorptive condition, 

 that is, several hours after the taking of food. The dry gas-meter 

 was used and the Zuntz technique. 18 resting experiments and 8 

 horizontal walking experiments were made with Durig and 11 resting 

 experiments and 6 walking experiments with Frau Durig, all of these 

 being in the mountains. In addition the average value is given for a 

 number of horizontal walking experiments with Frau Durig in Vienna. 

 Special comment should be made of the extraordinarily heavy appa- 

 ratus 16.5 kilograms carried by Frau Durig, who weighed but 45.7 

 kilograms. The basal values have been deducted from the values 

 obtained in the walking experiments and the energy per horizontal 

 kilogrammeter has been computed; this is given in table 1, page 24. 



Observations of Durig, Kolmer, Rainer, Reichel, and Caspari, 1909. 

 The extraordinary care which characterizes all of the researches of 

 Durig is manifest in his classical contributions on the physiology of man 

 in the Alps; of particular value are his keen criticisms and summation 

 of earlier research. 4 Indeed, nowhere do we find so sharp a recognition 

 of all of the fundamental tenets of careful experimentation in gaseous 

 metabolism, and particularly in the physiology of walking with special 

 reference to the physiology of man in high altitudes, as in this series 

 of contributions from Durig's laboratory. The observations were all 

 made with the portable dry gas-meter which, with the equipment, 

 weighed 11 kilograms. The experiments were made in the morning, 

 either without food or after taking a cup of weak tea. 32 observations 

 were made on a level road 200 meters long in Vienna and 12 observa- 



z, Loe.wy, Miiller, and Caspari, Hohenklima und Bergwanderungen in ihrer Wirkung auf 

 den Menschen, 1 Aufl., Berlin, 1906. 



2 Durig, Denkschriften d. math.-natur. Kl. d. kaiserl. Akad. der Wissensch., 1909, 86, pp. 253 

 and 254. 



3 Durig, Archiv f. d. ges. Physiol., 1906, 113, p. 213. 



4 Durig, Kolmer, Rainer, Reichel, and Caspari, Denkschrift. d. math.-natur. Kl. d. kaiserl. 

 \kad. der Wissensch., 1909, 86, p. 242. 



