20 ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



dry gas-meter and the ordinary equipment was used, including the 

 mouthpiece and valves. This, with additional weights, made a load 

 of 11 kilograms. In one set of the experiments in which heavier loads 

 were used, the gas-meter was carried by the subject, but in later experi- 

 ments the meter was carried by an assistant who walked behind the sub- 

 ject. All of the experiments were made on a path near the laboratory 

 and after the subject had taken a cup of tea with sugar. The authors 

 maintain that the last heavy meal was taken 12 hours previous to the 

 experiment, and that the influence of the ingestion of food was there- 

 fore eliminated. In computing the results, a basal value of 1,083 gram- 

 calories per minute was assumed for the subject. The authors point 

 out that this is, to a certain degree, arbitrary. It should be noted that 

 some of the experiments are considered less accurate than the others, 

 owing to difficulties with the gas-meter. Special emphasis is laid upon 

 variations in load and in the rate of walking. In a subsequent paper 

 Brezina and Reichel 1 review the earlier paper of Brezina and Kolmer 

 and make certain corrections in the values. These corrected values 

 are used by us in our summation of the results of Brezina and Kolmer 

 in table 1, pages 24 and 26. 



Observations of Douglas, Haldane, Henderson, and Schneider, 1913 

 In connection with researches carried out on Pike's Peak by Douglas, 

 Haldane, Henderson, and Schneider, a number of observations were 

 made on Douglas, both at Oxford and on Pike's Peak. 2 The special 

 form of respiration apparatus devised by Douglas was used, consisting 

 of a mouthpiece and a pair of valves connected by tubing with a large 

 rubber bag carried on the back of the subject. The experiments were 

 made with the subject lying in bed, in a standing position, and walking 

 on a horizontal plane at the rate of 2 to 5 miles an hour. The basal 

 values were assumed to be those measured when the subject was stand- 

 ing quiet with the muscles relaxed. Apparently some of the lying 

 experiments were made with the subject in a post-absorptive condition, 

 while the standing and walking experiments were made after food had 

 been taken. No attention was paid to the character or amounts of food 

 eaten and the possible influence upon the measurements, as the observa- 

 tions were not made primarily for the purpose of studying the absolute 

 metabolism. A summary of the results is given in table 1, page 26. 



Observations of Brezina and Kolmer, 1914- To carry out the plan 

 conceived by Durig of studying the metabolism during walking under 

 every possible condition and to complete their own earlier experiments, 

 in which they studied the influence of speed and load during walking 

 on a horizontal path, Brezina and Kolmer made a second research, in 

 which they studied the influence of the work of ascent upon the metabo- 



VBrezina and Reichel, Biochem. Zeitschr., 1914, 63, p. 170. 



"Douglas, Haldane, Henderson, and Schneider, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 1913, ser. B, 

 203, p. 185. 



