62 ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



position, and hence the greater part of our control data was obtained 

 in experiments with the subject standing in a relaxed position. 

 Although values for comparison are available for other standing posi- 

 tions and for the subject sitting, no studies were made by us with the 

 subject in complete muscular repose, i. e., lying upon a couch, in the 

 post-absorptive condition. 



Obviously it is first necessary to examine the data thus secured to 

 determine the suitable basal values to be deducted from the total 

 metabolism while walking, such a critical examination being of funda- 

 mental importance. Since the total metabolism is made up of that for 

 maintenance, i. e., the basal value plus that for forward progression, 

 it is evident that the larger the value deducted for maintenance as, 

 for instance, the value obtained with the subject standing as com- 

 pared with the subject lying on a couch the smaller will be the result 

 obtained for the energy requirement for the work of forward pro- 

 gression. 



BASAL METABOLISM OF SUBJECT I. 



As a result of a consideration of the experimental experience of 

 others, it was decided that in the preliminary observations in this 

 investigation, which were made with subject I by Dr. Carl Tigerstedt, 

 the basal value selected should be that necessary for maintenance 

 while the subject was standing quietly without support. Accordingly, 

 during November and December 1913 many observations were made 

 of the subject in this position. Subsequently it appeared that more 

 information was desirable with regard to the normal increment in 

 metabolism due to a change from the lying position to the standing 

 position, but as a study of this phase of the question was wholly 

 incidental to the main problem of the metabolism during forward 

 progression, the experimental routine did not permit such observations. 

 We have, however, the results of a study made in December 1914 by 

 Mr. H. L. Higgins, of the Laboratory staff, upon the lying and standing 

 metabolism of subject I, which were kindly supplied us for comparison 

 with our values. Unfortunately the data thus obtained are more or 

 less fragmentary and must therefore be considered as only subsidiary 

 to the results of the larger investigation. 



The Thiry valves and Tissot spirometer and mouthpiece were used in 

 this study, both the resting metabolism and the standing metabolism 

 being observed with the subject in the post-absorptive condition. We 

 have no data as to the influence of food upon the resting metabolism 

 of this subject. The results obtained by Mr. Higgins are recorded in 

 table 5. These values are typical of a large number secured by this 

 observer in another research with subject I, who shows a remarkably 

 uniform basal resting metabolism. As will be seen from the table, the 

 heat output per minute of this individual in the lying position was on 

 December 2 and 5, 1914, 1.23 and 1.22 calories respectively. 



