DISCUSSION OF RESULTS. 73 



tion, the heat output averaged 1.42 calories per minute, this being an 

 average value for 6 experiments. But two experiments were made with 

 the subject standing with his hands resting on a staff, the average 

 results being 1.54 calories, or somewhat higher than the average for 

 the previous position. When standing in a relaxed position but 

 leaning against a support, the subject had an average heat-output for 

 three experiments of 1 .45 calories per minute, while the same number of 

 experiments with the subject in the position of "attention" gave 

 an average heat-output of 1.37 calories. Obviously variations in the 

 kinds and amounts of food must to a certain extent affect not only the 

 individual values for the different days, but also the average values for 

 the several groups ; nevertheless the general statement made in consid- 

 ering the standing experiments with the subject in the post-absorptive 

 condition, namely, that the metabolism was essentially the same for all 

 of the four standing positions in which the metabolism was studied, also 

 holds true here. 



Averaging all of the values obtained in the standing experiments 

 after the ingestion of a light meal, we find that the carbon dioxide per 

 minute was 253 c.c., the oxygen consumption 294 c.c., and the heat- 

 output 1.43 calories per minute. With the exception of the walking 

 experiment on April 29, when a heavy carbohydrate breakfast was 

 given as a control, the average value of 1.43 calories has been used as 

 a basal value in calculating the increase in the heat-output during 

 walking for all experiments after breakfast. For the walking experi- 

 ment of April 29, the average basal value used for the computation of 

 the increment due to walking was that obtained from the standing 

 experiments of April 25 and 27 after a carbohydrate lunch had been 

 taken (see table 12), this being the most logical value available for the 

 purpose. 



INFLUENCE OF A HEAVY MEAL. 



At noon subject II usually took a heavy meal and frequently returned 

 to the Laboratory for a walking experiment in the afternoon. During 

 April 1914 the character of the noon meal was controlled on several 

 days. On 5 days he was given a meal of which the constituents were 

 excessively high in protein; on 6 days the meal was particularly rich 

 in carbohydrates; and on 4 days it was especially rich in fat. No 

 attempt was made to control the amount eaten, although the statement 

 was made that the " subject ate all that he could." 



The values for all of the measurements made in the various standing 

 positions after this noon meal are given in table 12. Comparing first 

 the results obtained in the several standing positions and excluding 

 the days with special diets, we find that the heat-output averages 

 1.56 calories when the subject stood in a relaxed position, 1.65 calories 

 when he stood with the hands resting upon a staff, 1.47 calories when 

 he leaned upon a support, and 1.52 calories when he stood in a position 



