80 ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



trained athlete, and although not particularly careful of himself, when 

 out of training, he was nevertheless in reasonably good condition. The 

 fact that alcoholic excesses preceded the experiment on December 5 

 shows, of itself, that the subject was not in strict training. Indeed, it 

 was impossible for us to control him outside of the Laboratory. 



In considering the values without food, it is of interest to note the 

 variations in the standing metabolism in their relation to the total 

 increase due to walking. While we find from the values given in table 

 6 that the average heat-output for this man without food was 1.34 

 calories per minute, it will be seen here that the variations ranged from 

 1.28 calories per minute on December 4 to 1.57 calories on December 5. 

 The latter date was the day following the alcoholic excesses and it may 

 be noted that this increase in the basal metabolism continued through- 

 out the walking periods, as the three highest values for the heat-output 

 during walking were found on this day. On the other hand, when the 

 high basal metabolism is deducted, the gram-calories per horizontal 

 kilogrammeter are essentially the same as the average value. 



EXPERIMENTS WITH FOOD. 



On the two days in which experiments were made with subject I 

 after the ingestion of food, the standing or basal metabolism was per- 

 ceptibly higher than in the experiments without food. The total 

 metabolism during walking was likewise higher in all of the experi- 

 mental periods. On the other hand, when the standing or basal metab- 

 olism is deducted, we find that the gram-calories per horizontal kilo- 

 grammeter were, in the second experiment, quite within the normal 

 limits. We can find no explanation for the high value obtained on the 

 first day. The fact that the high basal metabolism due to food per- 

 sisted through the walking period is of special interest, as it shows that 

 the muscular activity incidental to the amount and rate of walking in 

 these experiments resulted in a metabolism which was superimposed 

 upon the increased metabolism due to the ingestion of food. In 

 general, we may say that when this subject walked on a level plane, 

 the energy required over and above maintenance to move 1 kilogram 

 over a distance of 1 meter, i. e., 1 horizontal kilogrammeter, was in 

 round numbers 0.5 gram-calorie. The correlation between these 

 results and those obtained with subject II and the earlier observations 

 of Benedict and Cathcart may properly be deferred until the discussion 

 of the experiments with subject II. 



ENERGY REQUIRED FOR THE ELEVATION OF THE BODY. 



In walking at the average speed of 75.9 meters per minute, we find, 

 from the records obtained with Dr. Tigerstedt's tracing pointer and 

 by counting the number of steps, that the total distance per minute that 

 the subject raised his body in a vertical direction amounted, on the 

 average, to 3.78 meters per minute. With an average body-weight of 



