100 ENERGY TRANSFOEMATIONS DURING HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



0.756 gram-calorie for the three periods with food, with an average 

 value of approximately 0.768 gram-calorie. While these experiments 

 are relatively few in number, it is quite possible that the apparent lower 

 value obtained for walking as compared with running, after deducting 

 the standing active base-line, may be explained by the fact that the 

 body is elevated nearly twice as much when running as when walking 

 and that to cover the same distance about 20 per cent more steps were 

 needed. In the motion of forward progression we have therefore to 

 take into account, first, the extraneous muscular activities not directly 

 contributory to the work of forward progression, chief among these 

 being the extraneous muscular movements of the arms in rapid walking 

 which require the expenditure of a considerable amount of energy. 

 Second, the type of step or the gait plays an important role, since in 

 raising the body work is performed, requiring an expenditure of energy. 

 When the body is raised approximately 14 meters per minute during 

 running, it may be readily computed that with a man weighing 70 

 kilograms, this would be equivalent to raising 980 kilograms one meter 

 in one minute corresponding to over 2.2 large calories. Any type of 

 locomotion, therefore, which minimizes the raising of the body is the 

 most economical. As a natural outcome of the study it will be seen 

 that it would be desirable for athletes and others interested in the work 

 of forward progression to develop a gait which will eliminate these two 

 apparently unnecessary and extraneous factors, each of which requires 

 the expenditure of a considerable amount of energy which is not 

 directly contributory to the motion of forward progression. 



NUTRITION LABORATORY OF THE 



CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON. 

 Boston, Massachusetts, June 19, 1915. 



