PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. 



27 



Likhatscheff, 1893. Likhatscheff, 1 describing the Pashutin respira- 

 tion calorimeter for man, cites the results of three food experiments and 

 one fasting experiment, the latter being made for the specific purpose 

 of providing a basal value for the study of the influence upon metabo- 

 lism of taking food. Since this represents the first experiments on man 

 in which direct calorimetry was applied, and direct measurements of 

 carbon-dioxide production and indirect measurements of oxygen con- 

 sumption were made simultaneously, the results are given in table 4. 



TABLE 4. Metabolism in food and fasting experiments (Likhatscheff). 



Here it is seen that on at least 2 of the 3 days with food the oxygen 

 consumption was materially higher than that on the fasting day. The 

 author finds that the curves for heat production and gaseous exchange 

 reach their highest point during the day and their lowest point at night. 

 Since both of these factors are complicated by the small incidental 

 muscular movements during the day, the diurnal variations can not 

 be ascribed to digestive processes alone. 



d'Arsonval, 1894- In reporting the tests of his anemo-calorimeter, 

 d'Arsonval 2 gives the results of an experiment on himself (weight 74 

 kilograms, age 42 years), in which the heat output per hour, when he 

 was standing dressed and fasting, was 79.2 calories. One hour after 

 breakfast (the kind and amount of food not given) the metabolism 

 under the same conditions of standing with clothing rose to 91.2 calo- 

 ries, an increment of approximately 18 per cent. 



Magnus-Levy, 1894- Recognizing clearly the fact that the incre- 

 ment in metabolism following the ingestion of food persists only a rela- 

 tively short time, Magnus-Levy, 3 employing the Zuntz-Geppert respi- 

 ration apparatus, carried out a most extended series of experiments on 

 the influence of food on metabolism. Certainly no series of experi- 

 ments prior to 1894 is comparable to this research, and few since that 

 time can compare with it for accuracy or for skillful plan. Considering 

 only those experiments made with men, we find that most of the 



Likhatscheff, Production of heat of healthy man in the condition of comparative rest. Disa., St. 



Petersburg, 1893. 



2 d'Arsonval, Arch, de Physiol., 1894, 26, p. 360. 

 'Magnus-Levy, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 1894, 55, p. 1. 



