PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. 33 



Rubner, 1902. For the purpose of this discussion the majority of 

 the remarkable experiments carried out by Rubner are not available 

 for comparison purposes, since his researches were for the most part 

 with animals, particularly dogs, and in only a few instances with men. 

 He does, however, report a series of experiments 1 in which the first 

 day was a 24-hour fasting experiment, on the second day the subject 

 ate a large amount of meat, on the third day he did work, on the fourth 

 day he received 600 grams of cane sugar, and on the last day he per- 

 formed work on a sugar diet. A preliminary report of this experiment 

 was made in abstract form in 1902. 2 Using the later values, which 

 probably have a greater degree of accuracy, we find that the heat pro- 

 duction per 24 hours at rest was, during fasting 1,976 calories, with 

 sugar 2,023 calories, and with protein 2,515 calories. The surprising 

 feature of this experiment is the fact that the ingestion of 600 grams 

 of cane sugar and 3,000 c.c. of water produced an increase in the heat 

 production of only 2.4 per cent; the ingestion of protein, on the other 

 hand, resulted in an increase in the heat production of 27.2 per cent. 



Reach, 1902. In connection with an investigation on rectal feeding, 

 Reach 3 made 2 experiments, each with 60 grams of dextrose, and 3 

 experiments with 60 grams of cane sugar, the sugars being given per os. 

 The subject was a man 27 years old, who was suspected of suffering 

 in a slight degree from hypothyroidism. Reach concludes from these 

 experiments that after the ingestion of 60 grams of dextrose the respira- 

 tory quotient immediately rises. He found in the 2 experiments with 

 dextrose that the maximum increase in the quotient appeared in the 

 second hour, being 0.087 and 0.101, respectively, above the basal 

 values of 0.792 and 0.715. After 60 grams of cane sugar the rise in 

 the respiratory quotient was more rapid, the increment above the basal 

 values of 0.821, 0.886, and 0.768 in the 3 experiments being 0.104, 

 0.104, and 0.107, respectively. The values for the oxygen consumption 

 are also given for 2 of the cane-sugar experiments and one of the dex- 

 trose experiments. With cane sugar they show a marked and constant 

 increment in the oxygen consumption of approximately 15 to 20 per 

 cent and with dextrose a rapid rise of 20 per cent, followed by an almost 

 immediate fall to the basal value. 



Johansson and Koraen, 1902. Employing essentially the same exper- 

 imental methods as those used in former researches, and laying special 

 emphasis upon the simultaneous effects of muscular work and the inges- 

 tion of food upon metabolism, Johansson and Koraen 4 studied the 

 influence of the two factors separately, using the food materials sugar, 

 olive oil, and eggs. Although based only upon carbon-dioxide deter- 



^ubner, Sitzber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wisa., 1910, Part 1, p. 316. 

 "Rubner, Die Gesetze des Energieverbrauchs bei der Ernahrung, 1902. 

 'Reach, Arch. f. exp. Path. u. Pharm., 1902, 47, p. 231. 

 'Johansson and Koraen, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 1902, 13, p. 251. 



