34 FOOD INGESTION AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS. 



minations and thus liable to the errors which may be ascribed to this 

 method of computation, the results of these studies are of unusual 

 importance. Johansson and Koraen conclude that when a certain 

 amount of muscular work is performed the increase in the basal metabo- 

 lism is a definite value and the increment due to food is independent 

 of the increment due to muscular work that is, food of the same 

 amount and composition produces a like increase in the metabolism, 

 irrespective of whether the subject is at rest or doing work. The 

 ingestion of carbohydrates apparently produced the same increase in 

 the carbon-dioxide output with muscular work as with complete rest ; 

 protein likewise gave the same effect during rest as during work; 

 practically no increment was found with olive oil. The paper concludes 

 with interesting theoretical discussions in which the authors contend 

 that the ingestion of food produces an increase in the carbon-dioxide 

 production not by reason of an increased work of digestion, but because 

 of an influence upon the metabolism of the food after its absorption. 



Atwater and Benedict, 1903. Although a large number of resting 

 metabolism experiments with food were made with the calorimeter at 

 Wesleyan University, Middletown, by Atwater and his associates, but 

 one series lends itself for comparison. Experiments Nos. 35 and 36 with 

 subject J. C. W., reported by Atwater and Benedict, 1 were carried out 

 December 9 to 14, 1900. In these two experiments the subject re- 

 mained continuously in the chamber. In the first experiment of 4 

 days the daily diet consisted of 100 grams of beef, 25 grains of butter, 

 850 grams of milk, 300 grams of bread, 50 grams of breakfast cereal, 

 50 grams of crackers, and 20 grams of sugar, with a total heat of com- 

 bustion of 2,519 calories per day. The determined heat output per 

 day was 2,397 calories. The fifth day of the experimental series was 

 a complete fast. On this day the heat determined was 2,253 calories, 

 or 144 calories less than that on the food days. The increment due 

 to digestion may therefore be estimated as approximately 6 per cent 

 on the 24-hour basis. 



Reach, 1904- In experiments with a 15-year old obese boy, in which 

 the method of Zuntz and Geppert was used, Reach 2 found that the 

 oxygen consumption after a meal was much less than was commonly 

 experienced. This is in harmony with results obtained in earlier 

 experiments made by Jaquet and Svenson 3 on obese individuals. 



Johansson, Billstrom, and Heijl, 1904- In continuation of the inter- 

 esting studies carried out in Johansson's laboratory on the influence 

 of the ingestion of carbohydrates upon the carbon-dioxide excretion, 



'Atwater and Benedict, U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 136, 1903. 



'Reach, Salkowski-Festschrift, 1904, p. 319. 



'Jaquet and Svenson, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 1900, 41, p. 375. On the contrary, results obtained 

 later by Haussleiter (Zeitschr. f. exp. Pathol. u. Therapie, 1915, 17, p. 413) lead him to infer 

 that the increase in the metabolism after the ingestion of food in obesity is not less than with 

 normal individuals, but the falling off in the curve is evidently retarded. 



