PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS. 43 



figure was obtained from the results of 4 experiments in which the 

 metabolism was observed after a meal of carbohydrate and fat, another 

 of lean meat, and two breakfasts, presumably with mixed diet. 



Togel, Brezina, and Durig, 1913. In connection with a study on 

 the effect of alcohol upon the conservation of carbohydrate combus- 

 tion, Togel, Brezina, and Durig 1 report several experiments with 

 both levulose and dextrose. The Zuntz-Geppert technique with all 

 of the Durig refinements was employed. Contrary to their usual 

 custom, they determined the base-line in only one period before each 

 sugar experiment. The subject usually received 100 grams of sugar, 

 but in one experiment 3 doses each of 30 grams of levulose were given 

 at 1-hour intervals. After 100 grams of dextrose the respiratory 

 quotients rose at the end of 2 hours to unity or over. With this subject, 

 who had at that time a high carbohydrate storage, the effect of sugar 

 ingestion was not noticeable after about 4 hours. Of special signifi- 

 cance is the fact that even when the subject was in a glycogen-poor 

 condition the typical rise in the curve of the respiratory quotient was 

 not delayed and there was likewise a marked rise in the metabolism, 

 a result somewhat at variance with some of the earlier work. Doses 

 of 100 grams of levulose produced greater increases than the same 

 amounts of dextrose. Although the authors note that the total excess 

 heat produced after giving levulose is greater than that with dextrose, 

 it is worthy of note that the maximum increment in the heat output 

 was essentially the same with both sugars. 



Schopp, 1913. Schopp, 2 working with Grafe in the Medical Clinic 

 in Heidelberg, in giving a report of rectal feeding experiments, includes 

 a series of 3 nuchtern and 2 food experiments upon himself in which 

 special patented foods were taken per os. These experiments, which 

 were about 10 hours in length, were made with the Grafe respiration 

 chamber and with the subject in the post-absorptive condition at the 

 beginning of the experiment. In the food experiments Schopp found 

 large increases in the heat production of 46 and 33 per cent, respectively. 

 He noted the maximum combustion in the seventh hour, which he is 

 inclined to think was due to toxic peculiarities of the cleavage products 

 of the protein preparations. The conservatism shown in the conclu- 

 sions drawn from his two experiments may well be copied by all writers 

 on metabolism in discussing fragmentary data. 



Grafe, 1913. Grafe, 3 using his admirable model of the Jaquet appa- 

 ratus in the Heidelberg clinic for observations on a professional fasting 

 woman, noted that the basal metabolism during fast was 1,180 calories 

 per day or 25 calories per kilogram of body-weight. In the first food 

 experiment after the ingestion of 397 grams carbohydrate and 60 grams 



l, Brezina, and Durig, Biochem. Zeitschr., 1913, 50, p. 296. 

 'Schopp, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1913, 110, p. 284. 

 'Grafe, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1913-14, 113, p. 1. 



