44 FOOD INGESTION AND ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS. 



alcohol, the total calorific value of which was 770 calories greater than 

 the basal value, the heat production fell off slightly in 20 hours. 

 Grafe points out that this rinding agrees with that of Johansson, 1 

 who observed no increase in the metabolism following the ingestion of 

 carbohydrate by a fasting individual, i. e., an individual with low 

 glycogen storage. In a second respiration experiment, in which the 

 subject took 278 grams of carbohydrate, 120 grams of fat, and 30 

 grams of alcohol, with a total energy content of about 2,180 calories, the 

 increase in the combustion in 20f hours was very small compared 

 with the fasting value, being only 4 per cent. Thus both experiments 

 indicate an extraordinarily small increase in the heat production follow- 

 ing the ingestion of non-protein food after fasting. 



Rowland, 1913. In studying the addition of nutrose to the ordinary 

 diet in the case of infants, Rowland 2 found with the Cornell calorimeter 

 an increase in the heat production per square meter per day of 10 per 

 cent in one case and 26 per cent in another. Although the basal values 

 without food were not obtained, the increment due to the ingestion of 

 the highly nitrogenous nutrose over that with ordinary food is of sig- 

 nificance in this connection. 



Bergmark, 1914-15. Bergmark, 3 investigating rectal feeding, reports 

 4 experiments in which 100 grams and 50 grams of dextrose, respec- 

 tively, were taken per os, the author being the subject. The experi- 

 ments were made in Johansson's laboratory in Stockholm and with the 

 usual Johansson technique. After 100 grams of dextrose, Bergmark 

 found a rise in the carbon-dioxide production of 14.94 grams in 6 hours 

 and 7.02 grams in the same length of time after 50 grams of dextrose. 

 The character of the katabolism was not shown, as the measurements 

 of the metabolism were based only upon the data for the carbon-dioxide 

 production. The agreement with Johansson's earlier results, however, 

 is proof of the uniformity of technique. 



Bergonie, 1915. Bergonie, 4 without reporting any experimental 

 evidence of his own, calculated the increment in energy output due to 

 the ingestion of three meals a day with a normal individual as being 

 equivalent to 200 calories. 



Gephart and Du Bois, 1915. Du Bois, in carrying out the extended 

 series of researches with the respiration calorimeter in the Russell Sage 

 Institute of Pathology, an apparatus designed especially for the study 

 of pathological cases, decided to include the determination of the basal 

 metabolism of normal men and the effect of food. With Gephart 5 he 

 reports the results of experiments with 7 men with and without food. 

 The basal experiments were made 14 to 18 hours after food. As a 



'Johansson, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 1908, 21, p. 1. 



2 Howland, Trans. 15th Internat. Cong. Hyg. and Demogr., 1913, 2, sect. 2, p. 438. 



3 Bergmark, Skand. Arch. f. Physiol., 1914-15, 32, p. 355. 



4 Bergoni6, Rev. Sci. (Paris), 1915, 53, p. 138. 



'Gephart and Du Boia, Arch. Intern. Med., 1915, 15, p. 835. 



