176 



DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL NOSE IN WHITES AND NEGROES. 



Of 



Int'erocular breadfh 



TECHNIQUE. 



The following measurements (in millimeters) were taken on each specimen 

 (see fig. 1). The sliding compass of Martin was used for measuring or (in the case 

 of small specimens) a fine pair of dividers and a metal ruler. 



Sitting height: The fetus is placed on its back upon a horizontal surface, with the 

 thighs and the ear-eye horizon at right angles. The distance between the vertex 

 the head and the most caudal point of the 

 glutseal region, parallel to the median- 

 sagittal plane and to the horizontal sur- 

 face, constitutes the sitting height. 



Upper-face height: Distance between 

 nasion and stomion. The nasion on the 

 facs is situated horizontally in front of the 

 median point of the naso-frontal suture. 

 The exact determination of this point is 

 rather difficult on fetuses. It is always 

 situated above the level of the eye-clefts, 

 usually on a line uniting the highest points 

 of the folds which limit the upper eyelids, 

 or in rare instances even slightly above. 

 This was determined by dissections and 

 examinations of numerous median sagittal 



Vertical angle 



sections of fetal heads. With but few 

 exceptions the nasion was found to be 



Nasal breadHi 



. > Nasion 



Nasal height 



[Upper Face heighf 

 __I_-T* Subnasale 

 ^Slomion 



Horizontal amjle 



FIGURE 1. Schematic representation of a fetal head, with 



above the deepest depression of the nasal 



measurements and points of measurement. 



bridge, a relation which holds good also for adults in the majority of cases (Schultz, 1918). 

 The stomion is the median point of the oral cleft. In the not infrequent cases where a 

 tuberculum labii superioris projected downward the stomion was placed at the base of 

 this i. e., the tuberculum was not included in the upper-face height. 



Nasal height : Distance between nasion and subnasal point. The subnasale is situated 

 in the median sagittal plane, where the nasal septum meets the upper lip. In very young 

 fetuses the latter two have almost the same direction and the determination of this point 

 of measurement is therefore in that stage only approximate. 1 



Nasal breadth (lower nasal breadth) : Greatest width between the alse nasi. 



Interocular breadth (upper nasal breadth) : Width between the inner canthi. 



Interzygomatic breadth: Greatest width between the zygomatic arches. 



Breadth of the nasal septum: Smallest distance between the nostrils. 



Two angles of the nose were measured with the aid of a three-legged divider, 

 which proved to be a very useful instrument. 2 



Vertical nasal angle: The three points of the dividers are placed on the nasion, the 

 apex of the nose and on the subnasal point; the divider is then carefully set on a piece of 

 paper and slightly pressed down. The three points of impression thus obtained are united 

 by straight pencil lines (nasion to apex of nose, and from the latter to subnasale) when 

 the angle between these lines is measured. 



Horizontal nasal angle: The three points of the dividers touch the most posterior 

 point of the ala nasi of each side and the apex of the nose, after which the divider is again 

 transferred to paper and so on. 



'The writer would suggest that those interested in studies of this question begin on older fetuses in order to secure the 

 degree of experience necessary for the purpose of studying younger specimens. 



2 A three-legged divider of different construction was used by Merej kowsky ('82) for measuring the elevation of the 

 nasal bones. 



