Week. 



12th.... 

 13th.... 



14th 



15th.... 

 16th.... 

 17th.. 



Nasal 

 height. 



54 

 29 

 46 

 23 



35 



Upper- 

 face 

 height. 



33 

 40 

 40 

 18 

 33 

 37 



178 DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL NOSE IN WHITES AND NEGROES. 



groups of negroes the variability is apparently small, but this finds its explanation 

 in the limited number of specimens composing these groups. For the whites of 

 the 12th to the 17th week (all large groups) the difference in the extreme variants has 

 been expressed in percentage of their arithmetic mean, and, in this way, a relative 

 range of variation was obtained. Table 3 shows these relative ranges of varia- 

 tion for the nasal height and upper-face height. On an average these are about the 

 same for both measurements, but may vary to a great extent TABLE 3 _ Re i alivc rnn(/cs 

 in different weeks. As causes for this high variability, 

 which will also be noted later on for other measurements, 

 it may be mentioned, first, that the individual error in meas- 

 uring increases relatively with the decrease of the size of 

 the measurement. Inasmuch as these measurements con- 

 sist chiefly of only a few millimeters, their variability is due 

 in part to individual error. A further technical source of 

 mistake lies in the difficulty of exact determination of the 

 nasion. Another artificial factor which may play a role is the influence of the 

 preservative. Formalin may alter different measurements on the fetal body in 

 varying degrees. The author's investigations on this subject have not yet been 

 concluded, but judging from previous experience it would seem rather improbable 

 that this takes a noteworthy part in the variations of the nose. Undoubtedly 

 the most important and influential cause lies in the natural variability of the fetal 

 organism, which is manifest even in small fetuses and can readily be detected in 

 preserved as well as fresh specimens. 



Table 2 shows a steady increase in the average nasal height with advancing 

 development. The relative increase, however, is rather irregular. This leads to 

 the interesting question as to what extent the growth of the entire body influences 

 the size of its individual parts. For the purpose of answering this question on the 

 basis of the nasal height, the difference in the averages of two successive age groups 

 was expressed in percentage of the smaller average i. e., that of the younger 

 group. The figure thus obtained shows the relative increase in size during a certain 

 period. Table 4 gives these relative increases in size of the nasal height and of 

 the sitting height of white fetuses. Hardly any correlation exists between the 

 relative increases in size of the two measurements. The nasal height increases 

 relatively less during the fetal development than the sitting height; both show more 

 intensive growth in the beginning. In the majority of the age groups the average 

 nasal height of whites exceeds that of negroes, a relation which is opposite in the 

 case of the upper-face height. In the latter there are only a few exceptions in which 

 the average is greater in whites. From this we may conclude that the relation 

 between the two measurements, i. e. the relative nasal height, must show a distinct 

 racial difference, according to which the nose, as compared with the upper face, 

 is higher in whites than in negroes. The curves in figure 2 show how this difference 

 actually appears after the twelfth week and how constant it remains thereafter. 

 The relative nasal height is rather variable, decreasing slightly in both races during 

 intrauterine growth and increasing again after birth. The difference between the 



