186 



DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL NOSE IN WHITES AND NEGROES. 



breadth in the beginning is smaller than the interocular breadth, while later it 

 exceeds the latter. This occurs earlier and becomes more extensive in negroes. 

 The averages of this index are always considerably greater in negroes than in 

 whites, chiefly as a consequence of the difference in the nasal breadth of the two 

 races. (See table 11.) 



NASAL ANGLES. 



In table 13 are given the averages and ranges of variation of the two angles of 

 the nose. The vertical angle, as well as the horizontal, is very variable, probably 

 due in small part to the uncertainty in determining the apex of the nose in fetuses. 



TABLE 13. 



The vertical nasal angle decreases in both races during growth as a consequence of 

 the increase in the nasal depth in relation to the nasal height, and of the moving 

 downward of the apex of the nose. This change during growth is much more 

 marked in the white race, in which the angle drops farther than in the negro and 

 which with few exceptions shows smaller averages. The horizontal nasal angle also 

 decreases in both races during growth. In whites it becomes approximately a right 

 angle as early as the sixth month of intrauterine development and can drop in 

 postnatal life to 64. In negroes the horizontal angle does not fall to 90 until late 

 in childhood, and in adults still measures on an average 82.4. The racial difference 

 (i. e., the greater angles in negroes) is more marked in the horizontal angle, the 

 averages of which are without exception smaller in whites. 



The two nasal angles express very sensitively the degree of prominence of the 

 nose, as shown, for instance, in their extremes. In whites the extremes of variation 

 of the vertical angle are 140 in a fetus of 13 weeks and 80 in an adult; while those 

 of the horizontal angle are 127 in a fetus of 16 weeks and 49 in an adult. How 

 changeable the prominence of the nose may be in individual cases can be seen in 



