CARTILAGINOUS SKULL OF A 21 MM. HUMAN EMBUYO. 



323 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



BARDEEN, C. R., 1910. Morphogenesis of the skeletal 



system. Keibel and Mall, Manual of Human 



Embryology. 

 FAWCETT, 1910. Notes on the development of the human 



sphenoid. Jour. Anal, and I'liys., vol. 44, p. 207. 

 FISHER, E., 1903. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des 



Affenschiidels. Zeit.f. Morph.u.Anthropol.,Bd.5. 

 GLADSTONE, 1915. Manifestation of occipital vertebra; 



and fusion of the atlas with the occipital. Jour. 



Anat. and Phys., vol. 49, p. 190. 

 JACOBY, M., 1895. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des men- 



schlichen Primordialcraniums. Arch. f. mikr. 



Anat., Bd. 44. 

 KOLLMAN, J., 1905. Varianten am Os occipitale, be- 



sonders in der Umbegung des Foramen occipitale 



magnum. Anat. Anz., Bd. 27. Verh. d. anat. 



Gesellsch., p. 231-236. 

 LEVI, G., 1900. Beitrag Zum Studium der Entwicklung 



des knorpeligen Primordialcraniums des Men- 



schen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat. u. Entwick, Bd. 55. 



LEWIS, W. H., 1915. The use of guide planes and plaster 



of paris for reconstructions from serial sections, 



etc. Anat. Rec., vol. 9. 

 MACKLIN, C. C., 1914. The skull of a, human fetus of 40 



mm. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 16. 

 MEAD, C. S., 1909. The chondrocranium of an embryo 



pig, Sus scrofa. Am. Jour. Anat., vol. 9. 

 SCHULTZ, A. H., 1917. Ein Paariger Knocken am Untcr- 



rand der Squama occipitalis. Anat. Rec., vol. 12. 

 TERRY, R. J., 1917. The primordial cranium of the cat. 



Jour. Morph., vol. 29. 



VAN NOORDEN, W., 1887. Beitrag zur Anatomie der 

 knorpeligen Schiidelbasis bei menschlichen Em- 

 bryonen. Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol, Anat. Abth. 



VOIT, MAX, 1909. Das Primordialcranium des Kanin- 

 ehens unter Berucksichtigung der Deckknocken. 

 Ein Beitrag zurMorphologiedesSaugetierschadels. 

 Anat. Hefte, Bd. 38, Heft. 116. 



FIG. 1. 



FIG. 2. 



FIG. 3. 



FIG. 4. 



FIG. 5. 



FIG. 6. 



FIG. 7. 



FIG. 8. 

 FIG. 9. 

 FIG. 10. 



FIG. 11. 

 FIG. 12. 



FIG. 13. 

 FIG. 14. 



FIG. 15. 

 FIG. 16. 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 



Dorsal aspect of base of the cartilaginous skull with the basioccipit.ul in the horizontal plane. The cervical 

 vertebrae are included. At the anterior end some precartilage is included with the crista galli and tin- 

 nasal capsule. X 10 diameters. 



Right half of dorsal aspect of the base of the cartilaginous skull. The adult position, basioccipital inclined 

 at an angle with the horizontal plane. X10 diameters. 



Dorsal aspect of cartilaginous and membranous skull. Same view as shown in figure 1. X10 diameters. 



Dorsal aspect of base of the adult skull. Bone ossified in cartilage stained blue. Modified from Spalteholz 

 Atlas. 



Median sagittal aspect of the cartilaginous skull. Part of crista galli and anterior end of mesethmoid are 

 precartilage. X10 diameters. 



Ventral aspect of base of the cartilaginous skull. X10 diameters. 



Lateral aspect of cartilaginous skull and cervical vertebra?, with the brain and cervical cord and hypo- 

 physis in position. Mcrkel's cartilage, the styloid, hyoid, and laryngeal cartilages are also shown. 

 X 10 diameters. 



Lateral aspect of cartilaginous skull and cervical vertebrae with the brain, cervical cord, and nerves. X10 

 diameters. 



Lateral view of cartilaginous skull and cervical vertebra; with the overlying membranous skull and the 

 dorsal membrane. X10 diameters. 



Dorsal aspect of sphenoid cartilage, showing attachment of the orbital muscles to the basal part of the orbital 

 wing. X20 diameters. 



Dorsal aspect of sphenoid cartilage. X20 diameters. 



Lateral view of the right otic region. Part of the malleus and incus cut away showing course of facial nerve 

 and position of otic ganglion. X20 diameters. 



Lateral view of right otic region showing relations of facial nerve. X20 diameters. 



Lateral view of base of cartilaginous skull with deeper muscles of occipital region and of the mouth and 

 pharynx. X20 diameters. 



Lateral view of part of cartilaginous and membranous skull. The inner wall of the orbit and part of oecipito- 

 temporal region exposed by cutting away part of the membranous skull. X20 diameters. 



Dorsal view of temporal and occipital cartilages, showing the relation of the inner ear to the otic capsule. 

 X20 diameters. 



All of the figures except No. 4 are from models or combinations of models and graphic reconstructions of one 

 embryo No. 460, Carnegie Collection. 



Cartilage is colored blue, except figure 4, precartilage green, nerves yellow, muscles red; the blastema remains 

 uncolored. 



The illustrations are mainly the work of Mr. C. W. Shepard and Mr. J. F. Didusch. 



