DURING POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT. 501 



relative measurements of height, weight, and of a large number of linear measure- 

 ments of the body in groups of each sex at birth, at yearly intervals from 1 to 20 

 years, and at 25, 30, and 40 years of age. The standard group utilized consisted of 

 10 individuals, but he frequently makes use of larger groups as well as of groups 

 chosen at other intervals than those above mentioned, and of especially selected 

 individuals. We thus have a good set of Belgian standard types. Some of Quete- 

 let's data are reproduced in table E. There would be an advantage in having means 

 based on larger groups but, as Quetelet pointed out, the advantage is less than 

 might be anticipated. 



Weissenberg (1911) has furnished a similar set of standard type proportions of 

 South Russian Jews based on similar age-groups but extending the groups to ages 

 50 and 60 years. He has tabulated a much less extensive number of linear propor- 

 tions than Quetelet, but makes use of a larger number of individuals (50) in a given 

 group from which to estimate the mean. Some of Weissenberg's data are tabulated 

 in table D. 



In America the best study of proportions by age-groups is that of Hastings 

 (1902), whose observations extend from 5 to 20 years of age and are based on a large 

 number of individuals for each age. His tables mark a step in advance over those 

 above mentioned in that each age-group is subdivided into height-groups. The 

 number of linear measurements given is, however, relatively limited. Some of these 

 are utilized in table F. For the period of infancy and childhood up to 5 years and 

 for maturity and old age we have but few American data. Extensive studies have, 

 however, been made of the bodily proportions of college boys and girls, the most 

 important of which are those of Hitchcock, Seaver, Sargent, and Barr. S. B. 

 Moon (1892) and W. S. Hall (1896) have furnished valuable data on bodily propor- 

 tions immediately preceding and during adolescence. 



Godin (1903, 1910) has furnished even more extensive data on the development 

 of bodily proportions in French youths 13.5 to 17.5 years of age. For younger 

 children we have the data of Kotelmann (1879) on German school children, of 

 Landsberger (1888) on school children in Posen, and of Ernst (1906) and of Schwerz 

 (1910) on Swiss school children. 



The studies of the investigators mentioned and of numerous others, on the 

 whole, confirm the views advanced by Quetelet as to unity of type in bodily propor- 

 tions. At a given stature and a given stage of physiological development the mean 

 proportions of the human body are strikingly similar in diverse races. The simi- 

 larities are so great that extensive careful statistical studies are necessary to prove 

 conclusively that certain bodily proportions are characteristic of one race as opposed 

 to another race. There is far more variation in rapidity of growth and in mean 

 average adult stature in various races and social groups than there is in the pro- 

 portions of the body relative to stature at a given stage of physiological develop- 

 ment. For a discussion of racial differences in bodily proportions, so far as they at 

 present appear to be determined, the reader is referred to Martin (1914). If we 

 take into account stature, weight, and physiological development we may safely 

 use statistical data from various sources in the endeavor to arrive at standard types 

 of bodily proportions of Europeans and those of European descent. 



