540 HEIGHT AND WEIGHT IN RELATION TO BUILD 



long, the trunk short and relatively slender. Feet and hands are relatively large, 

 the face is large, compared with Europeans. According to Bean this type is charac- 

 teristic of the negro, or at least of the majority of negroes. Negroes have a small 

 pelvis (Manouvrier) . In this type the height-weight index is relatively small. The 

 hyper-onto-morph comes to maturity at a relatively later period than the other 

 types. The period of lengthening of lower extremities is more prolonged than in the 

 "Asiatic," the period of trunk lengthening more prolonged than in the "negro." 

 It is the type the morphogenesis of which we have outlined in this paper. We have 

 seen in this type that growth in the latter part of adolescence takes place chiefly in 

 the trunk, so that while stature is increased the length of limbs compared to the 

 trunk is decreased. The upper part of the trunk is especially affected, so that the 

 distance from umbilicus to pubis is short compared with the other types (Bean). 

 The distance umbilicus-to-pubis is relatively shorter in the French at 23.5 than at 

 13.5 (Godin, 1910). The trunk is also thickened. In this type, therefore, the 

 height-weight index is relatively large, in fact larger than in the other two types, 

 since the trunk is broad as compared with the hypo-onto-morph. The European 

 races are essentially hyper-onto-morphic. The work of Bean is suggestive, but 

 requires a large amount of careful statistical work for confirmation. According to 

 the data given by Martin (1914) the Schikotan Ainos have the greatest relative 

 sitting-height (males 54.8, females 54.6), the Australians the smallest (males 46.5, 

 females 48.4). 



Manouvrier (1902) has suggested that in the study of bodily proportions the 

 individuals of the group studied be subdivided into three subgroups according to 

 the relative length of the lower extremities, the short-legged or brachyskeles, the 

 moderate-legged or mesatoskeles, and the long-legged or macroskeles. The mean 

 height-weight index of the first subgroup is high as compared with that of the 

 others, that of the last subgroup is low. Manouvrier's studies relate mainly to the 

 French, hyper-meso-morphic from Bean's standpoint. In the macroskeles during 

 adolescence we have relatively great growth of limbs as compared with the trunk, 

 and relatively great growth in length of trunk as compared with width. In the 

 brachyskeles we have relatively great growth of trunk as compared with the limbs, 

 and usually of growth in thickness of trunks and limbs as compared with length. 

 While all three subgroups may be found in individuals of any given stature, there 

 are more brachyskeles among short individuals, more macroskeles among tall 

 individuals. There is great variation in relative length of limbs in individuals of 

 any given stature, excellently illustrated by Manouvrier (1902, figs. 1 and 2). The 

 upper and lower extremities usually vary in the same direction, but in long-legged 

 individuals the upper extremities are relatively less long than the lower extremities, 

 and in short-legged individuals the upper extremities, while short compared with the 

 trunk, are long compared with the lower extremities. In the typical brachyskele, 

 standing, the wrist reaches not much more than to the symphj^sis pubis, in the 

 macroskele to the perineum or below. In the brachyskele the elbow does not reach 

 the iliac crest, in the macroskele it may. 



