7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia; . A. Zoantharia. 39 



7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). 



As to the nematocysts see supra p 10 Will( 2 ), p 11 Moroff and p 10 Giaser 

 & Sparrow. 



A. Zoantharia. 



See Doree, Rand, Roule( 2 , 3 ), Russell, Silberfeldf 1 , 2 ), Stuckeyl 1 ). For fossil 

 forms see Carruthers, Chapman, Dalton, Dollfus, Etheridge, Jaccard, Lang! 1 ), 

 Lee, Parks f 1 , 2 ), Pascoe & Cotter, Penecke, Sibly. For coral reefs see Gravierj 1 ). 



Annandale( 2 ) describes Anactinia n. pelagica n. which was found in considerable 

 numbers at the edge of the waves on the Orissa coast of the Bay of Bengal. 

 On being placed in sea water it became conical, the peristome being flat and 

 more translucent than the column. The largest are 12 mm. long and 4 mm. in 

 diameter across the peristome. Near the aboral end of the column are several 

 minute pores, without lips, which do not appear to function as cinclides. An 

 aboral pore is present. In living specimens no trace of tentacles could be 

 seen but in preserved ones minute rudiments are indicated by a circle of 24 

 or 26 microscopic hollow outgrowths round the periphery of the peristome, one 

 above each mesenterial chamber. Longitudinal and circular muscle fibres are 

 present in the column wall but there is no sphincter. There is a single large 

 siphonoglyph. There are 24 or 26 complete mesenteries, not arranged in 

 pairs, and without muscle banners or longitudinal muscles; but the mesoglceal 

 lamina is nearer one surface than the other, and judged by this, all the mesen- 

 teries face away from the siphonoglyph. Mesenterial filaments and acontia are 

 present but there are no mesenterial ostia. Immature testes were found on 

 certain mesenteries of one specimen but gonads were absent in all the others. 

 A. p. is probably a Cerianthid which has become modified in accordance with 

 a pelagic life. 



Conklin( 2 ) describes Actinian larvae, from the Tortugas and Bahama, referable 

 to Zoanthella Henseni and Zoanthina (? americana). They were kept in aquaria 

 for several weeks but none metamorphosed. Many specimens of Zoanthina as 

 much as 5 mm. long and 3 mm. in diameter have been examined but none show 

 traces of tentacles and in none was food found in the crelenteron. Zooxanthellae 

 are present, in both genera, in ectoderm and endoderm and may play an im- 

 portant part in the nutrition of the larvae as is suggested also by the occurrence 

 of the larvae at the surface of the sea in the middle of the day. In both 

 genera there are 3 pairs of macrosepta and 3 pairs of microsepta arranged as 

 in the Zoanthese. In Zoanthella the dorsal macrosepta, and in Zoanthina the 

 dorsal directives seem to be the last formed. The ectoderm contains small 

 and large nematocysts and 2 or 3 types of gland cells, except in the region of 

 the ciliated band. In the living larvae the cilia adhere into plates like those 

 of Ctenophores but in preserved specimens they are frequently found separate. 

 The epithelium of the stomodaeum is more compact than that of the general 

 ectoderm and contains a larger number of gland cells. Cell boundaries are less 

 distinct in the endoderm. The mesenterial filaments contain non- granular 

 and granular cells. There is considerable evidence in favour of the view of 

 van Beneden that the mesogloea is, in life, quite soft and that the cells found 

 in it are wandering cells and the canals in the mesoglcea are merely the tracks 

 of these cells. In the oldest specimen of Zoanthina the mesogkea of the macro- 

 septa is drawn out into fine branches on the thicker side of the septum giving 

 support to the longitudinal muscles. 



Torrey & Kleeberger describe 3 new species of Cerianthus from Southern 



