7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). A. Zoantharia. 49 



a great breaking out in many directions suddenly gave rise to a series of 

 widely different groups, possibly owing to the acquirement of nutrition by 

 commensal algse; the results are found in the colonial genera of the family. 

 The distribution of the species indicates that the centre of the Pliocene outburst 

 was situated in the shallowest waters of the East Indies. The author recognises 

 only the following genera of the colonial Fungiidse - - Halomitra, Doderleinia n., 

 Herpolitha, Polyphyllia (with which are merged Cryptabacia and Lithactinia) 

 and ? Zoopilus. Herp. and P. typically have elongated coralla but differ widely 

 in the nature of their septal sides and edges and their costse ; judging by these 

 characters H. is derived from the scutaria group of F., and P. from the echinata 

 group. Hal. in its surface characters and in young specimens shows affinities 

 to the fungites group of F., and D., in its extraordinarily granular septa and 

 costse, with their spines and teeth, is related to the repanda group. Z., if it 

 be a good genus, must have had a different origin to any of the above. Poda- 

 bacia, if it had its ancestry in F., must have arisen from the repanda group. 

 The author draws attention to the great power of regeneration and of 

 adaptability of F. to its surroundings. He describes F. 19 (3 n.), Hal. 1, D. n. 1, 

 Herp. 3, Pol. 1. 



Gravier( 2 ) records from San-Thom6 and Prince (gulf of Guinea) Madre- 

 pora cerebrum, Favia fragum, Siderastrea radians, Orbicella annularis, Oculina 

 arbuscula and Porites Bernardi n. sp. F. fr. also occurs at the Cape Verde 

 Islands, Oc. arb. is hitherto known only from the Floridan reefs; the first 4 corals 

 above named, found also in the Antilles and Bermuda, appear to form a group 

 of more resistant species which, like those of the Bermudas, are an offshoot 

 from the West Indian fauna. In view of the short duration of the pelagic 

 phase of coral larvas the Guinea corals can not be derived directly from those of 

 the West Indies. 



Marion describes from the Gulf of Gascony Aglaophenia 1, Calycella 1, 

 Lafoeina 1, Dicoryne 1, Caryophyllia 3, ParacyatJius 1, Sabinotrochus 1, Desnio- 

 phyllum 1, Flabellum 1, Lophohelia 3, Chitonactis 1 n. (from 946 metres; each 

 has a large invagination of the pedal disc, full of mud, serving to fix the ane- 

 mone in the mud and to keep it vertical), Gephyra 1, Edwardsia 3 n., Paly- 

 thoa 1 n. (on Dorocidaris), Alcyonium 1. He describes from the coast of Spain 

 and Portugal - - Funiculina 1, Pennatula 1, Kophobelemnon 1, Isis 1, Muricea 1, 

 Plexaura 1 and Umbellula 1. - - See also Stephens. 



According to Mavor the first 6 pairs of mesenteries in Agarida fragilis and 

 the 6 primary septa are arranged about the same plane of bilateral symmetry, 

 and the exosepta arise in bilateral pairs. The bilateral symmetry of the 

 primary septa persists in later stages with well developed epitheca and exosepta. 

 The arrangement of the primary septa in A. differs from that of Siderastrc&a 

 radians but agrees with that of Lophophyllum proliferum as described by Duerden. 



Faurot states that Hexactinise and Hexacoralla present, at any rate in the 

 period which follows the formation of the 12 primary mesenteries, resemblances 

 in development to the Tetracoralla. The mesenteries of Hexactinise arise by 

 fission, each new mesentery in contact with the oldest one limiting the space 

 in which it arises, so that the 12 primary ones give rise by fission and suc- 

 cessive bifurcation to all the other mesenteries. A similar condition exists in 

 the Hexacoralla. In the Tetracoralla new septa are formed by fission, but 

 from only 4 of the 6 primary septa, and the connection of the new with the 

 old septa persists in the adult. In the Hexacoralla this connection disappears 

 with growth and regulation, but in several genera of secondary, tertiary and 

 present times, it remains in the adult coral, e.g. in Turbinolids, Dendrophylliids 



