7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). B. Alcyonaria. 53 



dimorpha n. there are, between the polyps, small bodies which look like siphono- 

 zooids but which, on sectioning, prove to be Hydroids, connected by a stolon, 

 living upon the surface of the A. and not penetrating the ectoderm of the 

 latter. Occasionally male and female gonads are present on one mesentery 

 of A. d. 



Nuttingi 1 ) records the first Alcyonaria from the Hawaiian Islands. There 

 is an entire absence, in the collection, of Gorgonidae ; Briareidse are scarce but 

 there is a rich representation of Primnoidse and especially of Chrysogorgidse. 

 The relationship of the Alcyonarian fauna is strongly Asiatic, 12 species are 

 identical with Atlantic ones but there is scarcely any connection with the fauna 

 of the east coast of the Pacific. The author describes Clavularia (with which 

 is merged Telesto) 2 n., Anthomastus 1, Spongodes 1 n., Siphonogorgia 1 n., 

 Pennatula 4 (3 n.), Halisceptrum 1, Ecliinoptilum 1, Anthoptilum 1, Calibe- 

 lemnon n. (connects the Kophobelemnonidse and Umbellulidse , its shape being 

 similar to the former but its large naked polyps almost identical with those of 

 the latter) 1, Umbellula 4 (2 n.), Protocaulon 1, Protoptilum 1 n., Trichoptilum 1 n., 

 Cladiscus 1 n., Paragorgia 1, Keroeides 1, Ceratoisis 3 (2 n.), Lepidisis 1, Aca- 

 nella 1, Amphilaphis 2 (1 n.), Caligorgia 1 n., Stenella 1 n. (in nearly all the 

 specimens an Annelid had, by its presence, modified the first whorl of body 

 scales, which are very large and form a tunnel, running along the branches, 

 in which the Annelid lived), Stachyodes 4 (2 n.), Calyptrophora 3 (1 n.), Acantho- 

 gorgia 1, Paramuricea 2 (1 n.), Anthomuricea In., Clematissa 3 (2 n.), Menella 1 n., 

 Echinomuricea In., Cyclomuricea n. 1, Muricella 1, Lepidogorgia 2 n., Chryso- 

 gorgia 10 (4 n.), Metallogorgia 2, Iridogorgia 2 n., Pleurogorgia 1 n., Verru- 

 cella 1 n. 



Nuttingf 2 ) describes Alcyonaria from the Californian coast, chiefly from 

 deep water, the relationships of which are almost equally with the Alcyonaria 

 of the Pacific coast south of California, the western Pacific, the Eastern coast 

 of the United States and the West Indies. He gives a description of the anatomy 

 of Ptilosarcus quadrangularis. There is a distal opening at the end of the 

 stem and there are 4 axial chambers. The colony consists of about 25000 

 polyps, arranged in leaves, the coslentera of the polyps open by means of a 

 semicircular canal at the base of the leaf into the spongy tissue under the 

 ventro-lateral aspect of the rachis and just below the siphonozooids. Two bands 

 of densely crowded siphonozooids extend along the whole length of the rachis, 

 their ccelentera open by means of canals into one or other of the numerous 

 longitudinal canals below which are complex longitudinal muscle bands which 

 are concerned in shortening the rachis. These bands are imbedded in connective 

 tissue containing numerous irregular lacunae which may form part of the water- 

 vascular* system. Between the muscle bauds and the axial cavity are an in- 

 definite layer of circular muscles and a mass of spongy tissue, part of the 

 erectile tissue of the rachis. The extreme distension of the erectile tissue 

 of the stem is probably effected by water entering, by means of the terminal 

 pore, into the stem cavity and passing thence into the spongy tissue through 

 >stomata in the walls of the stem chamber. The stem was observed to 

 expand and contract alternately by inhaling and exhaling water through its 

 terminal aperture. The polyps and zooids, especially the latter, are also im- 

 portant in regard to the intaking of water. The author describes new species 

 of Telesto 1 , Anthomastus 1 , Halisceptrum 1 , Acanthoptilum 2 , Balticina 1, 

 Halipteris 1, Stachyptilum 1, Umbellula 1, Eumuricea 1, Psammogorgia 3, Steno- 

 gorgia 1. 



Stephens records and describes from the Irish Coast Sarcodictyon 1, 



