I. Morphological and Physiological Works of a General Character. 3 



Eastern Coast of the United States during the Summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast 

 Survey Steamer Blake, Lieut. -Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. N., and Comman- 

 der J. R. Bartlett, U. S. N. Commanding. Report on the Holothurioidea. in: Bull. 

 Mus. Harvard Coll. Vol. 13 p 121 T 1. [12] 



Vogt, C., and E. Yung, Embranchement des Echinodermes. in: Traite d'Anatomie Comparee 

 Pratique. Paris p 514670 F 263314. [6, 9, 11, 12] 



Wachsmuth, Ch., and J. Springer, Revision of the Palaeocrinoidea. Part 3. Discussion of the 

 Classification and Relations of the Brachiate Crinoids, and Conclusion of the Generic 

 Descriptions. Second Section, in: Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Philadelphia p 64 227. [7] 



Wagner, R., Die Encriniten des unteren Wellenkalkes von Jena, in: Jena. Zeit. Naturw. 

 20. Bd. p 132 T 2. [7] 



Walther, J., Untersuchungen iiber den Bau der Crinoiden, mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung 

 der Formen aus dern Solenhofener Schiefer und dem Kelheimer Diceraskalk. in : 

 Palaeontogr. 32. Bd. p 155200 T 2326. [7] 



Yung, E., see Vogt.. 



I. Morphological and Physiological Works of a General Character. 



Perrier ( ! ) divides the Echinoderrns into two groups: 1) the Crinoids, Echi- 

 nids , and Holothurians , in which the course of the water circulating within the 

 body is regulated by a system of irrigation - canals ; 2) the Cystids , Blastoids, 

 Stellerids, and Ophiurids in which this system is less complicated. 



Kohler (*, 2 ) points out that in both Ophiurids and Echinids the madreporic 

 gland has the same structure, with the same relations with the exterior at one 

 end and with a peribuccal ring at the other. Both peribuccal rings have radial 

 branches, but there is no aboral ring; while the intestinal vessels of the Urchins 

 are absent in Ophiurids. 



Howell ( J ) describes the formation of a plasmodium by the fusion of the colour- 

 less amoeboid corpuscles in the liquid removed from the coeloin or water- vas- 

 cular system of Thyonella gemmata. 



Howell ( 2 ) redescribes the haemoglobin -like compound in the red corpuscles 

 from the same source [see Bericht for 1885 I p 185]. It serves a respiratory 

 function through the medium of both tube-feet and lungs, the respiratory act 

 occurring 3 or 4 times a minute. 



Preyer points out that Turacin and Helicorubin give the same spectrum as Hae- 

 moglobin, and that the existence of the latter substance in Echinoderms is not 

 yet definitely established. 



Mac Munn ( ! , 2 ) finds that at least 5 different colouring matters may occur in 

 the integument of Uraster rubens, viz. tetronerythrin (haematoporphyrin), a pig- 

 ment like actiniochrome, enterochloropLyll, lutein, and cruentin which is a pecu- 

 liar derivative of haematin. A new pigment, echinochrome, occurs in the 

 corpuscles of the perivisceral fluid and in the membrane lining the test of Echinus 

 and Strongylocentrotus , and is apparently respiratory in function ; for it is capable 

 of existing in two states of oxidation , and its colour deepens on exposure to the 

 air. Enterochlorophyll may also be present in the same structures; but it 

 occurs more especially in the liver of Echinus , Asterias and Uraster. The radial 

 caeca of U. rubens yield this body in all stages of manufacture ( 4 ). Its reactions 

 show it to be of animal origin, and it seems to be dissolved in the yellow oil drops 

 which are so abundant in the epithelial lining of the caeca. Histbhaematins 

 occur in the ovaries, stomach-wall, etc. of U. rubens and of various other Echi- 

 noderms. The haematoporphyrin of the integument is a product of their meta- 

 bolic activity ( 5 ). 



