114 Conductivities and Viscosities in Pure and in Mixed Solvents. 



greatly accelerated by potassium chloride, bromide, and iodide; also 

 by the chlorides of sodium, lithium, calcium, strontium, barium, and 

 cadmium. The reaction was studied at 100. Results show that the 

 accelerating effect of lithium chloride is greater than that of sodium 

 chloride, although the degree of ionization is less, and that the chlorides 

 of calcium, barium, and strontium have a greater effect than either 

 sodium or potassium chloride, although they are less ionized. Cadmium 

 chloride, the least ionized of all the chlorides studied, produced the 

 greatest effect. Kellogg concluded that the effect produced by a 

 neutral salt on the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, is due to a specific influ- 

 ence on the non-ionized portion of the salt rather than to any function 

 of the ions. 



STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. 



Jones and Anderson 1 found that the absorption spectra of salts like 

 neodymium chloride and nitrate, when dissolved in non-absorbing 

 solvents such as water and alcohol, depended largely on the nature of 

 the solvent in which the salt was dissolved; e. g., neodymium chloride 

 dissolved in water had a different absorption spectra from that of 

 neodymium chloride dissolved in methyl or ethyl alcohol. They found 

 for the first time what they called " solvent" bands, showing that the 

 dissolved substance was combined with more or less of the solvent, 

 forming in the one case " hydrates" and in the other "alcoholates." 

 Alcoholates had, as would be expected, very different resonance from 

 hydrates. 



Jones and Strong 2 extended the work of Jones and Anderson to a 

 large number of solvents and to a fairly large number of non-absorbing 

 salts, and showed that these solvents had a marked influence on the 

 absorption spectra shown by salts dissolved in them. They were able 

 to distinguish between the spectra of salts dissolved in normal alcohol 

 and those in the isomeric alcohol. It would lead us too far here to 

 discuss this work in detail ; therefore, reference only can be made to the 

 original papers. 



Jones and Guy 3 built the most sensitive radiomicrometer constructed 

 up to that time, and by means of it they studied quantitatively the 

 intensities of absorption lines and bands. They found that, while 

 solutions of slightly hydrated salts were about equally transparent with 

 pure water, solutions of strongly hydrated salts were very much more 

 transparent than pure water. 



The work of Jones and Guy was repeated by Jones, Shaeffer, and 

 Paulus, 4 using an even more sensitive radiomicrometer constructed 

 by Shaeffer, and confirmed conclusions reached by Jones and Guy. 

 They found solutions of strongly hydrated salts which were as much as 

 40 per cent more transparent than a depth of pure water equal to the water 



Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 110 (1909). 3 lbid., 190 (1913). 



2 Ibid., 130 (1910) and 160 (1911). 4 Ibid., 210 (1915). 



