990 OF THE BRANCHES OF THE HUMAN FAMILY. 



Ulotrichi with crisp or woolly hair, and the Leiotrichi with smooth hair. 

 With few exceptions (Andaman Islanders) the Ulotrichi are also dolicho- 

 cephalous. They are represented by the Negroes and Bushmen of Central 

 and Southern Africa, and the Negritos of the Malay Peninsula and Archi- 

 pelago, and of the Papuan Islands. The Lsiotrichi are divisible into the 

 Australioid group, the Mongoloid group, the Xanthochroic group (Slavo- 

 nians, Teutons, Scandinavians), and the Melanochroic group (Iberians and 

 black Celts of Western Europe). 1 In regard to its color the same statements 

 apply as those just made with respect to the color of the skin ; the variety 

 of hue being given by pigment-cells, which may be more or less developed 

 under different circumstances. But it has been thought that its texture affords 

 a more valid ground of distinction ; and it is commonly said that the substance 

 which grows on the head of the African races, and of some other dark-col- 

 ored tribes (chiefly inhabiting tropical climates), is ivool and not hair. This, 

 however, is altogether a mistake; for microscopic examination clearly de- 

 monstrates that the hair of the Negro has exactly the same structure with 

 that of the European ; and that it does not bear any resemblance to wool, save 

 in its crispness and tendency to curl. Moreover, even this character is far 

 from being a constant one ; for, whilst Europeans are not (infrequently to be 

 met with, whose hair is nearly as crisp as that of the Negro, there is a great 

 variety amongst the Negro races themselves, which present every gradation 

 from a completely crisp (or what is termed woolly) hair, to merely curled or 

 even flowing locks. 2 A similar observation holds good in regard to the 

 natives of the islands of the great Southern Ocean, where some individuals 

 possess crisp hair, whilst others of the same race have it merely curled. 



833. It has been supposed that varieties in the configuration of the Skele- 

 ton would afford characters for the separation of the Human races, more 

 fixed and definite than those derived from differences in the form, color, or 

 texture of the soft parts which clothe it ; and attention has been particu- 

 larly directed to the skull and the pelvis, as affording such characters. It 

 has been generally laid down as a fundamental principle, that all those na- 

 tions which are found to resemble each other in the shape of their heads 

 must needs be more nearly related to each other, than they are to tribes of 

 Men which differ from them in this particular. But if this principle be 

 rigorously carried out, it will tend to bring together races which inhabit 

 parts of the globe very remote from each other, and which have no other 

 mark of affinity whatever; whilst, on the other hand, it will often tend to 

 separate races which every other character would lead us to bring together. 

 It is to be remembered, moreover, that the varieties in the conformation of 

 the skeleton, presented by the breeds of domesticated animals, are at least 

 equal to those which are manifested in the conformation and color of their 

 soft parts ; and we might reasonably expect, therefore, to meet with similar 

 variations among the Human races. It is probable, however, that climate 

 has not so much influence in producing such changes in the configuration of 

 the body, as the peculiar habits and mode of life of the different races; and 

 Dr. Prichard has pointed out a very remarkable relation of this kind, in 

 regard to the principal types of form presented by the Skull. These differ 

 from each other to such an extent, that if the antero-posterior diameter be 



1 Sec Huxley, The Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals. 



' It is u very common inistakf 1 , especially in the United States, to consider Negro 

 as synonymous with African So far is this from beins* the fact, that, as Dr. Latham 

 justly remarks, "the trm- Xi'j^ro area, the area occupied by men of the black skin, 

 thick lips ! ")d woolly hair, is exceedingly small ; as small in proportion to the rest 

 of the continent, as the area of the district of the stun tod Hyperboreans is in Asia, 

 or that of the Lapps in Europe." (See \\ 851, 853 ) 



