THE LIVER FORMATION OF AMYLOID SUBSTANCE. 



487 



FIG. 175. 



of diabetes from irritation, 

 a diabetes from paralysis of 



crease was effected in the quantity of sugar generated, that that substance 

 was discharged by the urine, a tem- 

 porary condition of diabetes being 

 established. The same condition 

 could be established by irritation of 

 the centre extremity of the divided 

 vagus, and by irritation of the spinal 

 cord (Schiff, Moos), 1 and by section 

 of the splanchnic (Griife, Eckhard, 

 Hensen),' which led Schiff to admit 

 a form 

 and 



vaso-motor nerves. Eckhard :! subse- 

 quently showed that after division 

 of the splanchnics puncture of the 

 fourth ventricle is no longer followed 

 by diabetes. He further found that 

 section of the inferior cervical gan- 

 glion was always followed by marked 

 diabetes, and he arrived at the con- To show the position of the punctures required to 



elusion that the effects of pricking produce glucosuria, the lobes of the cerebellum are 



the fourth ventricle were transmitted 

 through the inferior cervical and the 

 upper thoracic ganglia. Diabetes 

 was produced by Pavy after division 

 of the sympathetic cord in the neck, 

 and after division of the sympathetic 

 plexus accompanying the vertebral arteries.* The whole subject of the 

 action of the nervous system upon the liver has been carefully worked out 

 by Cyon and Aladoff. The cause of the diabetes in all the above-mentioned 

 instances is the paralysis of the vaso-motor nerves, occasioned either by direct 

 injury to their centres, as when the fourth ventricle is punctured, or by reflex 

 irritation, as when the Pneumogastrics are irritated and there is a consecutive 

 dilatatiou of the branches of the hepatic artery, and a more rapid circulation 

 of blood through the liver. The vaso-motor nerves for the liver arise for 

 the most part from the vaso-motor centres in the medulla oblongata ( 254), 

 and descending through the cord, leave this by means of fibres which accom- 

 pany the vertebral artery and enter the lower cervical ganglia. Thence 

 they proceed contained in two fasciculi, one of which passes on each side of 

 the subclavian artery, forming the annulus of Vieusseus, to the first thoracic 

 ganglion, and so through the successive ganglia of the sympathetic, the 

 splanchnics, coeliac ganglion, and finally along the hepatic vessels to the 

 liver. The experiments of Eckhard 5 render it probable that in some in- 

 stances the fibres descend through the cord to a lower level than that of the 

 vertebral artery before they emerge to enter the splanchnics. As section of 

 the hepatic vaso-motor nerves at any point between the fourth ventricle and 

 the liver causes vaso-motor paralysis and increased flow of blood through 



separated ; below are seen the restiform bodies, the 

 divergence of which circumscribes the apex of the 

 calamus scriptorius and the fourth ventricle. The 

 puncture p' produces glycosuria, the puncture p gly- 

 cosuria with polyuria, aud a puncture a little higher 

 up than j>, albumiuuria. 



1 Moos, Archiv f. Wiss. Heilk., Bel. iv. 



2 Hensen, Verhand. der Phys. Med. Ges. in "Wurzburg, Bd. vii. 



3 Eckhard, Beiti'tage zur Anatomic v. Physiologic, 1867, 13d. iv. 



4 See Guy's Hosp. Rep., 1859, p. 204. 



5 Cyon and Aladoft', Bulletin de 1'Academie Imperialu de St. Petersbourg, t. viii, 

 p. 91. Abstract in Centralblatt, 1872, p. 152, and in Dr. Brunton's Lectures in Brit. 

 Mod. Journ. 



6 Eckhard, Beitrage, Bd. vii, 1873, p. 19. 



