EXPERIMENTS WITH HORIZONTAL WALKING. 143 



Of the other three subjects, J. H. G. expended on an average 0.533 

 gram-calorie per horizontal kilogrammeter, while it cost E. L. F. 0.562 

 gram-calorie and H. M. S. 0.588 gram-calorie per horizontal kilogram- 

 meter. (See table 33.) These men were entirely untrained and did 

 not walk long enough in these experiments to produce any training 

 effect. 



The average cost per horizontal kilogrammeter of walking on a level, 

 i. e., the increment over the standing requirement, irrespective of any 

 training effect and at speeds mostly below 80 meters per minute, is as 

 follows for each of the eight men included in this report : A. J. 0., 0.454; 

 H. R. R., 0.618; T. H. H., 0.579; W. K, 0.490; E. D. B., 0.478; J. H. G., 

 0.533; E. L. F., 0.562; H. M. S., 0.588 gram-calorie, with a general 

 average of 0.538 gram-calorie. The most data were obtained with 

 W. K. and E. D. B., and these men show the lower values. A. J. O., 

 who likewise shows lower values, was also a well- trained subject, but 

 with him there was only a limited amount of data. 



The average value of 0.538 gram-calorie for this group of 8 men is 

 very close to the average value of 0.55 gram-calorie quoted by Benedict 

 and Murschhauser in their summary of the work of other investi- 

 gators previously referred to. Furthermore, taking into considera- 

 tion the fact that the basal value used by the other investigators was in 

 the majority of cases either a lying or a sitting value, the individual 

 values for the 8 men studied in the present research do not differ 

 widely in range and character from those given by Benedict and 

 Murschhauser 1 in their summary of previous work done on this sub- 

 ject and already referred to. Although the average value for the 

 group agrees with the average for the subjects of other investigators, 

 the averages for the different men show the variations which may be 

 expected for individual subjects. That these variations may be large 

 is seen by comparing the average for the trained subject E. D. B. and 

 the untrained but thoroughly cooperative subject H. M. S., between 

 which there is a difference of nearly 25 per cent. 2 



EFFECT OF SPEED UPON METABOLISM IN HORIZONTAL WALKING. 



In order to show more clearly the influence of the speed of walking 

 upon the various factors observed, the data in tables 8 to 12 have been 

 grouped according to certain arbitrary limits of 5 meters per minute 

 and averaged. These averages are given in table 35, which also in- 

 cludes the total increment and the increment per horizontal kilogram- 

 meter, taken from columns h and i of tables 29 to 33, grouped and 

 averaged in the same way. These groups of data represent values 

 obtained in from 3 to 37 periods, but in most cases from 8 to 10 periods 



Benedict and Murschhauser, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 231, 1915, pp. 24-27. 

 2 The possible effects of weight and age as factors in this comparison should not be lost sight 

 of, since H. M. S. was thinner than E. D. B., as weU as older and taller. 



