SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 309 



would be somewhat over 100 grams, i. e., more than one-fourth of the 

 amount believed to be present normally in the body. Benedict and 

 Cathcart 1 report low respiratory quotients 5 hours after exercise, and 

 Zuntz and Schumburg 2 maintain that the carbohydrate reserve was 

 not established with their subject until the following day. 



The stimulating effect of walking is also seen from the experiments 

 of February 26 to 29, in that the gaseous metabolism remained above 

 the pre-walking values even after a lapse of 2 houis following the cessa- 

 tion of walking. Only on February 26 did the metabolism reach the 

 pre-walking values in the case of the carbon dioxide, for on both of the 

 other days the carbon dioxide was still slightly above standing normal 

 requirements at the end of the observations. The oxygen consumption, 

 which is the best index of the metabolism, was above the pre-walking 

 requirements by approximately 7 per cent after the lapse of 2 hours. 



SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 



In the preceding pages it has been found that the average standing 

 metabolism obtained with the subjects studied was 1.18 calories per 

 kilogram of body-weight per hour, or 28.4 calories per 24 hours. (See 

 table 19.) This, when compared with average metabolism for the lying 

 position of 25.3 calories per kilogram of body-weight per 24 hours (see 

 table 17), represents an increase for the standing position of 12 per cent. 



When the standing requirements are used as a basis, it is found that 

 the increase in the energy expended in horizontal walking over the 

 energy output for the standing position varied for the 8 subjects from 

 0.454 to 0.618 gram-calorie for each horizontal kilogrammeter, i. e., 

 the transportation of 1 kilogram a distance of 1 meter in a hori- 

 zontal direction. For the two subjects W. K. and E. D. B., with 

 whom most of the work in this research was done, the increase for the 

 horizontal walking in the energy expended was 0.490 and 0.478 gram- 

 calorie, respectively, for each horizontal kilogrammeter. These values 

 are below the average value used by other investigators, but show 

 good agreement. The total energy expended per meter increase in 

 speed was not measurably affected until a speed of 80 meters a min- 

 ute was reached, beyond which point each meter increase in speed 

 required a proportionately greater increase in the energy consump- 

 tion. (See table 37.) 



In grade walking the total heat expended increased uniformly per 

 kilogrammeter of work performed at each grade, but was somewhat less 

 when the same amount of work was derived from a high grade and a 

 low speed than when due to a low grade and high speed. (See figs. 21 

 and 22.) The total outlay was from 15 to 12 gram-calories per kilo- 

 grammeter for amounts of work ranging from 300 to 600 kg. m. per 



Benedict and Cathcart, Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. No. 187, 1913, p. 172. 

 2 Zuntz and Schumburg, Physiologic des Marsches, Berlin, 1901, p. 255. 



