7. Anthozoa (incl. Hydrocorallia). B. Alcyonaria. 27 



being roughly comparable to the formation of polar bodies, but they disintegrate 

 and do not leave the cell. The female pronucleus completely disappears and 

 there are, throughout the whole process, no structures which can be termed 

 chromosomes. The first segmentation nucleus is formed in some unknown 

 way, perhaps from the male pronucleus, though it is quite possible that chro- 

 matin equal in amount to that of the male may also be derived from the 

 female pronucleus, though all trace of the latter has been lost. 



Kishinouye describes the autozooids and siphonozooids of several Japanese 

 species of Corallium. The siphonozooids, which are more numerous than the 

 autozooids, are small, have no tentacles but have a well developed siphono- 

 glyph, 2 pairs of long but not convoluted mesenterial filaments, dorsal and 

 ventral, the dorsal ones thick, grooved, long and often entering the canals. 

 The gonads are produced in connection with the ventral mesenteries of the 

 siphonozooids, they were not observed in the autozooids. The canal system 

 in the corals with thin coenenchyrn consists of longitudinal vessels connected 

 by small lateral vessels, but it increases iu complexity in those with thicker 

 ccenenchym so that in some of the latter there may be 3 or more layers of 

 vessels forming a complex network. The skeleton is composed almost entirely 

 of calcium carbonate, and is formed of fused spicules. Most of the corals 

 branch dichotomously and nearly in one plane, in these the autozooids are on 

 one side only. G. rubrum and inutile are dendritic in form and the autozooids 

 are found on all sides of the stem. - See also Kitahara. 



Kukenthall 1 ) gives revised diagnoses of the Nephthyidae and of some of 

 its genera. He classifies the family thus I. Polyps without "Stutzbundel". 

 A. Walls of canals not closely packed with spicules: polyps in lappets, Litho- 

 phytum (16, 3 n.); polyps single or in bundles, Eumphthya. B. Walls of 

 canals closely packed with spicules: polyps in lappets, Capnella (5, 1 n.); polyps 

 single or in bundles: stem without axis, Lemnalia (7, 1 n.), stem with irregular 

 axis of closely set spicules, Scleronephthya (1). II. Polyps with "Stiitzbiindeln": 

 polyps in lappets, Nephthya (24, 10 n.); polyps single or in bundles: stem 

 without axis, Spongodes [see below] ; stem with irregular inner axis of more 

 closely set spicules, Neospongodes. 



Kiikenthal ( 2 ) divides Spongodes into Dendronephthya and Stereonephthya. 

 D. is diagnosed thus Arborescent branched Nephthyids, the polyps of 

 which are always united in bundles, polyps with "Stiitzbtindeln", and divided 

 into 3 sections: glomerate (21 sp., 6 n.), divaricate (28 sp., 9 n.) and um- 

 bellate (34 sp., 13 n.). St. is diagnosed thus - Rigid Nephthyids, in which 

 the polyps are arranged neither in lappets nor bundles, but arise singly or in 

 small groups directly from the stem, forming unbranched or slightly branched 

 twigs; polyps with "Stiitzbiindeln", 8 sp., 2 n. All the species described are 

 from the Indo-Pacific Ocean, the furthest northerly record being Japan, the 

 most southerly New Zealand. A n. sp. is described from Mexico, the first 

 from the west coast of America. No specimens have been found deeper than 

 140 fms. and most of them are from 8 to 45 fms. 



Menneking finds that the canal system of Stachyodes, Galigorgia, Calyptro- 

 phora, Amphilaphis and Thouarella consists of 8 (4 in A.) principal and numerous 

 accessory canals. There is ou the dorsal side of the polyp a more or less 

 strongly marked siphonoglyph. The walls between the main canals are mesen- 

 terial folds and still show the remains of the filaments as a triangular thicken- 

 ing of the inner end of each wall. There is a great similarity in structure, 

 and especially in the arrangement of the 4 principal canals, between Penna- 

 tulids and A. 



